如何提升充電便捷性
一(yi)(yi)、目前推廣應用的難點是一(yi)(yi)次持續(xu)里(li)程(cheng)短、充電時間長
1)一(yi)(yi)次持續里(li)程短(duan)。目(mu)前電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)一(yi)(yi)次持續里(li)程比較(jiao)合理的在200公里(li)到300公里(li)之間。但與燃油(you)車(che)(che)(che)相(xiang)比還差一(yi)(yi)半(ban)以上。商(shang)家(jia)一(yi)(yi)而再(zai)三打廣(guang)告(gao)，說(shuo)一(yi)(yi)次充電(dian)能跑(pao)500公里(li)、800公里(li)，是(shi)在誤導了消費者(zhe)。實際情況是(shi)，電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)一(yi)(yi)次充電(dian)能跑(pao)多少(shao)公里(li)，與車(che)(che)(che)載電(dian)池(chi)多少(shao)是(shi)成線性有關的。要(yao)跑(pao)得越(yue)遠(yuan)，車(che)(che)(che)載電(dian)池(chi)量必(bi)須裝越(yue)多。
車(che)(che)載電池量在汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)值上，必須要考量其技(ji)術(shu)上可行性(xing)，經濟性(xing)的(de)(de)合理(li)性(xing)。與(yu)燃料(liao)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)油箱容積大小設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣，不是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)任意(yi)地無限大的(de)(de)。目前電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)次里程(cheng)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)做到燃油車(che)(che)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)長，主要理(li)由是(shi)(shi)由于動力(li)(li)電池的(de)(de)比(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量與(yu)汽(qi)(qi)柴油相(xiang)相(xiang)比(bi)，還差100多倍。我們每天能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)聽到動力(li)(li)電池技(ji)術(shu)在進步，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)從科學(xue)上講，在短期(qi)內，動力(li)(li)電池新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)一(yi)(yi)次里程(cheng)上沒有(you)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)趕上燃油汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)。
2)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)長達6-8個(ge)小時，是(shi)比較科(ke)學的。也(ye)就是(shi)說，實際上(shang)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的便捷性是(shi)大家不能接受的。一是(shi)用(yong)家里220V交流電(dian)(dian)來充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)要6-8小時；二是(shi)到充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)用(yong)直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，除了排(pai)隊外，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程要的時間(jian)也(ye)必須(xu)要在30分鐘以(yi)上(shang)；三(san)是(shi)買換(huan)電(dian)(dian)池的車(che)吧，基本(ben)上(shang)沒有賣的。
二、提高充(chong)電方便性基本途(tu)徑
1)如果能用民用交流電(dian)充電(dian)，如果充電(dian)時間少于要3小(xiao)時能接受；
2)如(ru)果(guo)到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)站用直流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間少于1個小時能接受；
3)如果(guo)換電池(chi)，必(bi)須電池(chi)是(shi)自己專用，是(shi)可以接受。
三、鋰(li)離子動力(li)電池組的充電模式
下面是充(chong)電曲線，即(ji)充(chong)電模式采用“限(xian)流、限(xian)壓”兩階段(duan)充(chong)電模式。
1)限流過程(cheng)：
這一(yi)階段的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)叫“限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)”充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)持在限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)值。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的延續，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動勢不斷上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也(ye)不斷上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)。當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)到允(yun)許的最高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時，保(bao)持恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。廠家建議(yi)：一(yi)般采(cai)用最佳(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)倍(bei)率(lv)(鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為0.3CA)進行(xing)限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。
2)限壓過程(cheng)：
在這一(yi)階(jie)段(duan)，由于電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)還(huan)在不(bu)斷上升，而充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓又保(bao)持(chi)不(bu)變，所(suo)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)流呈(cheng)雙曲線趨勢(shi)不(bu)斷下(xia)降，一(yi)直下(xia)降到(dao)零。這一(yi)階(jie)段(duan)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)叫恒(heng)(heng)“恒(heng)(heng)壓”充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這一(yi)階(jie)段(duan)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓：U=E+IR=恒(heng)(heng)壓值。
(實(shi)際(ji)做法：當充電電流減(jian)小到0.015CA時就可停止(zhi)充電。)
三、對離子動力(li)電池組充(chong)電，實際是一個動態的過程
充電系統必須具有自(zi)動調節充電參數、自(zi)動控制(zhi)和自(zi)動保護功能：
1)自動調節(jie)充(chong)電參數
a)例如(ru)，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，尤其在恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)中(zhong)有(you)某一個(ge)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過允許(xu)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(根據不同鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)特性(xing)一般(ban)設定為3.9V～4.3V之間)時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)應會根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系統(tong)(BMS)輸出的(de)(de)信(xin)號，自(zi)動減小(xiao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，使該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不超過允許(xu)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，防止該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池過壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
b)再如，在(zai)充電(dian)開始時，經電(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統(BMS)監測到有某(mou)一個(ge)單體電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過低，充電(dian)系(xi)統應能自動(dong)改(gai)小初始充電(dian)電(dian)流，待(dai)電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)正常后，再轉入(ru)正常充電(dian)。
所以，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)必(bi)須能(neng)根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)的狀(zhuang)態(tai)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系統(tong)(BMS)輸出(chu)(chu)的信(xin)息和整車監控輸出(chu)(chu)的信(xin)息，自動調節充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)參數和自動控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2)自動控制和自動保護功能
在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)池組和(he)電(dian)(dian)動車(che)發生任何不正常情況時(shi)，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)池組短路、斷(duan)路、高溫(wen)、起火和(he)有(you)電(dian)(dian)池損壞(huai)時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統應能(neng)迅速切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源，停(ting)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。
3)與整車CAN總線通信
在充電過程中(zhong)，充電系(xi)統的信息可與整車CAN總線通信。
上海施能電器設備有(you)限公(gong)司始建于1984年(nian)，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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