一種智能型全自動快速充電機的設計
2019/4/3 9:10:35??????點擊:
1 充電機(ji)的現狀
目前,礦用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)車(che)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),無論是(shi)(shi)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是(shi)(shi)先恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)再恒(heng)(heng)壓的分段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),都有一個(ge)共同(tong)的問題,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)這種(zhong)(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)方式(shi),蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)初充(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時以上,進行(xing)普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)需(xu)10小時以上,這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的初期(qi)(qi),充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)遠小于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),因(yin)而(er)拉(la)長了充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間,造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的浪(lang)費。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的后期(qi)(qi),充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又大(da)于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)溫度升高,產生大(da)量析氣,并形成(cheng)內部(bu)硫化結晶,大(da)大(da)縮短了蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的循環使用壽命(ming),甚至有可(ke)(ke)能永(yong)久性地損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。這不僅造成(cheng)了浪(lang)費,也(ye)增加了對環境的污染(ran)。同(tong)時,這種(zhong)(zhong)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用變壓器變壓整流(liu),可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)控制的途徑,技術落后,設備笨重(zhong),可(ke)(ke)靠性也(ye)差。
美國科學(xue)家馬(ma)斯通過對鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)大(da)量試驗研究,提出了一條鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)初(chu)期,蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)。隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)延(yan)續,充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸按指數(shu)規律減小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按這(zhe)樣一條理想(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)變化(hua),就(jiu)可(ke)以最大(da)限度(du)的(de)(de)提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率。同時(shi),試驗表明(ming),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)脈(mo)沖式的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)除各種極化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du),延(yan)長蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池循(xun)(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)有效(xiao)途徑。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)在對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)適時(shi)暫停充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并適當加入(ru)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停止時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)歐(ou)姆(mu)極化(hua)消(xiao)失,濃(nong)差極化(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極化(hua)減弱。若(ruo)能在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)讓其反向放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),則極化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)迅速消(xiao)失,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)溫度(du)也(ye)會(hui)因放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)得到(dao)有效(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池極板有加強其韌(ren)性的(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo),可(ke)以大(da)大(da)提高蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)循(xun)(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)。同時(shi),由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池極化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)消(xiao)失,脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可(ke)以深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質,從而(er)大(da)幅度(du)提高蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有效(xiao)容量。
當前,帶有自(zi)適(shi)應控制技術的脈沖(chong)式(shi)充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)已成(cheng)為礦(kuang)用電(dian)機(ji)(ji)車充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的主(zhu)要(yao)發展方向。因此,開發新(xin)一(yi)代的智能快速充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)不僅可以(yi)提高充電(dian)效率,降低使用單位的運營成(cheng)本,同時也(ye)具有節能、環保等諸方面的社會意義。
2 一種智能型全自動快速充電機
2.1 電氣原理
充電(dian)機電(dian)氣原(yuan)理框圖見圖1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)理分為三(san)大部分,即逆變主(zhu)通(tong)道、檢測控制單(dan)元和對話單(dan)元(顯示(shi)操作(zuo)單(dan)元)。
逆變主通道將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變換為(wei)可(ke)對電(dian)(dian)池進行充電(dian)(dian)的可(ke)控(kong)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),由(you)輸入回路(lu)、工頻整流(liu)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、移(yi)相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變換電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、高(gao)頻整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、輸出回路(lu)及放電(dian)(dian)回路(lu)組成。
輸入(ru)回路即供電回路,在非運行狀態時,可切斷(duan)主通道電源(yuan)。輸入(ru)回路設計有軟啟動(dong)功能,避免啟動(dong)沖(chong)擊對回路元件造成的(de)損傷(shang)。
工(gong)頻整(zheng)流濾波電(dian)路將380 V交(jiao)流電(dian)整(zheng)流為(wei)約550 V的直(zhi)流電(dian),如圖(tu)2所示(shi)。
移相全橋功率變(bian)換(huan)電(dian)路是主通道(dao)的核心,完(wan)成從(cong)直(zhi)流到(dao)(dao)交流再(zai)到(dao)(dao)直(zhi)流的變(bian)換(huan)。如圖(tu)3所示。通過(guo)改(gai)變(bian)橋臂IGBT控制(zhi)信號的相位,來改(gai)變(bian)耦合到(dao)(dao)高(gao)頻變(bian)壓器的波形寬度,從(cong)而(er)改(gai)變(bian)輸出給被(bei)充電(dian)池的電(dian)流、電(dian)壓值。
高(gao)頻整流(liu)(liu)(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路將高(gao)頻變壓器副邊的(de)高(gao)頻交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),整流(liu)(liu)(liu)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的(de)平滑直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
輸出開關電(dian)路(lu)在(zai)非(fei)充電(dian)狀態下(xia)保證主通道與(yu)被(bei)充電(dian)池的(de)隔離(li),防止發生反接造成的(de)危(wei)險。
放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路實現"充(chong)-停(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)-充(chong)"的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式,從而改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)和恢(hui)復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的性(xing)能。此外(wai),還可以對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能未(wei)消耗(hao)完(wan)的待(dai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處理。
控(kong)制單元(yuan)接收來自對話單元(yuan)給定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數和命令,并通(tong)(tong)過對主通(tong)(tong)道各相(xiang)關參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)實時檢測,動(dong)態控(kong)制主通(tong)(tong)道的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo),實現要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)功(gong)能和充電(dian)進程。同時為設備提供多種(zhong)保護。
控(kong)(kong)(kong)制單元采(cai)用最新嵌入式內核芯(xin)片ARM設(she)計(ji)。采(cai)集模擬量為:4路溫度、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流、放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制量為:輸入開關、軟啟動、輸出(chu)開關、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)和ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)(kong)(kong)制等
控制單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)與對話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)之間(jian)為RS232全雙工通信(xin)。控制單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)接收來自對話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)的各種控制命令,并向對話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)實時(shi)發送數據。
對話單元是整機操作平臺,接收并實(shi)現操作者(zhe)的各(ge)種(zhong)工作指令,完成各(ge)種(zhong)工作方式(shi)的參(can)(can)數(shu)設(she)定(ding)、記憶及(ji)各(ge)種(zhong)動(dong)靜態參(can)(can)數(shu)顯示(shi)。對話單元由控制芯片、LCM、參(can)(can)數(shu)存儲(chu)器和操作按鍵組成。
當充電機(ji)進入工作(zuo)狀態(tai)時,設備首(shou)先進行自檢。自檢項目包括充電電池是否反接、主通道各(ge)部分是否正常。
自檢結果將發送給對話(hua)單元。
自檢正常時(shi),設(she)備處(chu)于(yu)待命狀態,準備接收由對話單元(yuan)發來(lai)的各種命令及參(can)數,并按要求開始(shi)相(xiang)應的工(gong)作進程。
自檢故障(zhang)時(shi),對話單元顯示故障(zhang)編號,等待檢修。
2.2 工作方式(shi)
智(zhi)能型全自動快速充電機(ji)設(she)計(ji)了三種工作方(fang)式(shi):便捷(jie)方(fang)式(shi)、智(zhi)能方(fang)式(shi)和放電方(fang)式(shi)。
便捷方(fang)式(shi)。一種(zhong)常規的恒(heng)流(liu)限(xian)壓定時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi),此方(fang)式(shi)工作(zuo)時(shi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)以設定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)向負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)再上升,而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減小。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到設定時(shi)間時(shi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)自動結(jie)束充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。此種(zhong)模式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)宜超過100 A,否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)不(bu)易充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man),且析(xi)氣量大。
智能(neng)方式(shi)(shi)。一(yi)種(zhong)針(zhen)對不同規格型號的(de)電池采取不同整定(ding)參數(shu)充(chong)電的(de)工作方式(shi)(shi)。而對每一(yi)種(zhong)電池又有三種(zhong)充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)(shi),即初充(chong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、恒流模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和(he)快(kuai)速模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。
a.初充模(mo)式(shi)。為兩階(jie)段的定電流、定時間(jian)的自動充電方(fang)式(shi)。主要(yao)為新電池初充設(she)計(ji)。此模(mo)式(shi)充電,兩階(jie)段電流均不宜(yi)過大,
b.恒(heng)流(liu)模式(shi)。開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)為(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)工(gong)作,當(dang)電(dian)(dian)壓升高到設定值(zhi)時(shi)轉入穩壓工(gong)作,當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到設定時(shi)間或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)容量滿時(shi)自動停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian),這是基(ji)本進程(cheng)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間足夠長時(shi),基(ji)本進程(cheng)會疊(die)加周期(qi)性(xing)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong),疊(die)加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c. 快速模(mo)式(shi)。快速模(mo)式(shi)包(bao)含三(san)個順(shun)序(xu)階段(duan):恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維持(chi)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)以大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為特(te)征,當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升至限定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結束(shu),轉(zhuan)入恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恢復80%左右的容(rong)量。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓段(duan)則維持(chi)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,而電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減(jian)小,當(dang)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),自動轉(zhuan)入維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)。快速模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一樣,當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)足夠長時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),基本進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)會疊加周期性(xing)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖,疊加后(hou)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓過程(cheng)結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)容(rong)量可恢復95%以上。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)轉(zhuan)入維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),脈(mo)沖疊加停止。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是為人(ren)工(gong)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)計的功能(neng)。進(jin)(jin)入該方式(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)按(an)照設(she)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian),當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自動停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2.3 技術性能和參(can)數
1)額定(ding)輸入電壓(ya):380 VAC±10%50 Hz;
2)額定輸(shu)出功率:30 kW;
3)直流(liu)輸(shu)出電流(liu):5-200 A;
4)直(zhi)流輸(shu)出電壓:30~300 V;
5)工作模式:三種,便捷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、智能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)自(zi)動放電(dian)(dian)。智能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式分為(wei)三種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式,即初(chu)充(chong)方式、恒流方式和(he)快速方式;
6)具有(you)自(zi)檢功能;
7)具有電(dian)池反接保護功能(neng);
8)具有過(guo)流、過(guo)載、短路和超溫等保護功能(neng);
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心,嵌入先進的智能控制系統,在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況,自動調整充電參數,實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式,實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求,提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量,延長了電池的使用壽命,同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能,有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電器設備有(you)限公司始建于1984年,上海市高新技術企業,中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商,上海電器行業名優產品,主要生產工頻系列充電機,高頻系列充電機,鋰電池充電機,系列放電機,系列充放電機等電器產品。
目前,礦用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)車(che)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),無論是(shi)(shi)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是(shi)(shi)先恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)再恒(heng)(heng)壓的分段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),都有一個(ge)共同(tong)的問題,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)這種(zhong)(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)方式(shi),蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)初充(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時以上,進行(xing)普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)需(xu)10小時以上,這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的初期(qi)(qi),充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)遠小于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),因(yin)而(er)拉(la)長了充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間,造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的浪(lang)費。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的后期(qi)(qi),充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又大(da)于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)溫度升高,產生大(da)量析氣,并形成(cheng)內部(bu)硫化結晶,大(da)大(da)縮短了蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的循環使用壽命(ming),甚至有可(ke)(ke)能永(yong)久性地損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。這不僅造成(cheng)了浪(lang)費,也(ye)增加了對環境的污染(ran)。同(tong)時,這種(zhong)(zhong)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用變壓器變壓整流(liu),可(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)控制的途徑,技術落后,設備笨重(zhong),可(ke)(ke)靠性也(ye)差。
美國科學(xue)家馬(ma)斯通過對鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)大(da)量試驗研究,提出了一條鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)初(chu)期,蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)。隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)延(yan)續,充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸按指數(shu)規律減小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按這(zhe)樣一條理想(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)變化(hua),就(jiu)可(ke)以最大(da)限度(du)的(de)(de)提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率。同時(shi),試驗表明(ming),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)脈(mo)沖式的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)除各種極化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du),延(yan)長蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池循(xun)(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)有效(xiao)途徑。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)在對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)適時(shi)暫停充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并適當加入(ru)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停止時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)歐(ou)姆(mu)極化(hua)消(xiao)失,濃(nong)差極化(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極化(hua)減弱。若(ruo)能在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)讓其反向放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),則極化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)迅速消(xiao)失,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)溫度(du)也(ye)會(hui)因放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)得到(dao)有效(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池極板有加強其韌(ren)性的(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo),可(ke)以大(da)大(da)提高蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)循(xun)(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)。同時(shi),由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池極化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)消(xiao)失,脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可(ke)以深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質,從而(er)大(da)幅度(du)提高蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有效(xiao)容量。
當前,帶有自(zi)適(shi)應控制技術的脈沖(chong)式(shi)充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)已成(cheng)為礦(kuang)用電(dian)機(ji)(ji)車充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的主(zhu)要(yao)發展方向。因此,開發新(xin)一(yi)代的智能快速充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)不僅可以(yi)提高充電(dian)效率,降低使用單位的運營成(cheng)本,同時也(ye)具有節能、環保等諸方面的社會意義。
2 一種智能型全自動快速充電機
2.1 電氣原理
充電(dian)機電(dian)氣原(yuan)理框圖見圖1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)理分為三(san)大部分,即逆變主(zhu)通(tong)道、檢測控制單(dan)元和對話單(dan)元(顯示(shi)操作(zuo)單(dan)元)。
逆變主通道將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變換為(wei)可(ke)對電(dian)(dian)池進行充電(dian)(dian)的可(ke)控(kong)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),由(you)輸入回路(lu)、工頻整流(liu)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、移(yi)相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變換電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、高(gao)頻整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、輸出回路(lu)及放電(dian)(dian)回路(lu)組成。
輸入(ru)回路即供電回路,在非運行狀態時,可切斷(duan)主通道電源(yuan)。輸入(ru)回路設計有軟啟動(dong)功能,避免啟動(dong)沖(chong)擊對回路元件造成的(de)損傷(shang)。
工(gong)頻整(zheng)流濾波電(dian)路將380 V交(jiao)流電(dian)整(zheng)流為(wei)約550 V的直(zhi)流電(dian),如圖(tu)2所示(shi)。
移相全橋功率變(bian)換(huan)電(dian)路是主通道(dao)的核心,完(wan)成從(cong)直(zhi)流到(dao)(dao)交流再(zai)到(dao)(dao)直(zhi)流的變(bian)換(huan)。如圖(tu)3所示。通過(guo)改(gai)變(bian)橋臂IGBT控制(zhi)信號的相位,來改(gai)變(bian)耦合到(dao)(dao)高(gao)頻變(bian)壓器的波形寬度,從(cong)而(er)改(gai)變(bian)輸出給被(bei)充電(dian)池的電(dian)流、電(dian)壓值。
高(gao)頻整流(liu)(liu)(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路將高(gao)頻變壓器副邊的(de)高(gao)頻交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),整流(liu)(liu)(liu)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的(de)平滑直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
輸出開關電(dian)路(lu)在(zai)非(fei)充電(dian)狀態下(xia)保證主通道與(yu)被(bei)充電(dian)池的(de)隔離(li),防止發生反接造成的(de)危(wei)險。
放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路實現"充(chong)-停(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)-充(chong)"的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式,從而改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)和恢(hui)復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的性(xing)能。此外(wai),還可以對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能未(wei)消耗(hao)完(wan)的待(dai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處理。
控(kong)制單元(yuan)接收來自對話單元(yuan)給定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數和命令,并通(tong)(tong)過對主通(tong)(tong)道各相(xiang)關參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)實時檢測,動(dong)態控(kong)制主通(tong)(tong)道的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo),實現要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)功(gong)能和充電(dian)進程。同時為設備提供多種(zhong)保護。
控(kong)(kong)(kong)制單元采(cai)用最新嵌入式內核芯(xin)片ARM設(she)計(ji)。采(cai)集模擬量為:4路溫度、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流、放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制量為:輸入開關、軟啟動、輸出(chu)開關、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)和ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)(kong)(kong)制等
控制單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)與對話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)之間(jian)為RS232全雙工通信(xin)。控制單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)接收來自對話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)的各種控制命令,并向對話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)實時(shi)發送數據。
對話單元是整機操作平臺,接收并實(shi)現操作者(zhe)的各(ge)種(zhong)工作指令,完成各(ge)種(zhong)工作方式(shi)的參(can)(can)數(shu)設(she)定(ding)、記憶及(ji)各(ge)種(zhong)動(dong)靜態參(can)(can)數(shu)顯示(shi)。對話單元由控制芯片、LCM、參(can)(can)數(shu)存儲(chu)器和操作按鍵組成。
當充電機(ji)進入工作(zuo)狀態(tai)時,設備首(shou)先進行自檢。自檢項目包括充電電池是否反接、主通道各(ge)部分是否正常。
自檢結果將發送給對話(hua)單元。
自檢正常時(shi),設(she)備處(chu)于(yu)待命狀態,準備接收由對話單元(yuan)發來(lai)的各種命令及參(can)數,并按要求開始(shi)相(xiang)應的工(gong)作進程。
自檢故障(zhang)時(shi),對話單元顯示故障(zhang)編號,等待檢修。
2.2 工作方式(shi)
智(zhi)能型全自動快速充電機(ji)設(she)計(ji)了三種工作方(fang)式(shi):便捷(jie)方(fang)式(shi)、智(zhi)能方(fang)式(shi)和放電方(fang)式(shi)。
便捷方(fang)式(shi)。一種(zhong)常規的恒(heng)流(liu)限(xian)壓定時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi),此方(fang)式(shi)工作(zuo)時(shi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)以設定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)向負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)再上升,而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減小。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到設定時(shi)間時(shi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)自動結(jie)束充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。此種(zhong)模式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)宜超過100 A,否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)不(bu)易充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man),且析(xi)氣量大。
智能(neng)方式(shi)(shi)。一(yi)種(zhong)針(zhen)對不同規格型號的(de)電池采取不同整定(ding)參數(shu)充(chong)電的(de)工作方式(shi)(shi)。而對每一(yi)種(zhong)電池又有三種(zhong)充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)(shi),即初充(chong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、恒流模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和(he)快(kuai)速模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。
a.初充模(mo)式(shi)。為兩階(jie)段的定電流、定時間(jian)的自動充電方(fang)式(shi)。主要(yao)為新電池初充設(she)計(ji)。此模(mo)式(shi)充電,兩階(jie)段電流均不宜(yi)過大,
b.恒(heng)流(liu)模式(shi)。開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)為(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)工(gong)作,當(dang)電(dian)(dian)壓升高到設定值(zhi)時(shi)轉入穩壓工(gong)作,當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到設定時(shi)間或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)容量滿時(shi)自動停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian),這是基(ji)本進程(cheng)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間足夠長時(shi),基(ji)本進程(cheng)會疊(die)加周期(qi)性(xing)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong),疊(die)加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c. 快速模(mo)式(shi)。快速模(mo)式(shi)包(bao)含三(san)個順(shun)序(xu)階段(duan):恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維持(chi)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)以大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為特(te)征,當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升至限定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結束(shu),轉(zhuan)入恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恢復80%左右的容(rong)量。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓段(duan)則維持(chi)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,而電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減(jian)小,當(dang)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),自動轉(zhuan)入維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)。快速模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一樣,當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)足夠長時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),基本進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)會疊加周期性(xing)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖,疊加后(hou)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓過程(cheng)結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)容(rong)量可恢復95%以上。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)轉(zhuan)入維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),脈(mo)沖疊加停止。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是為人(ren)工(gong)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)計的功能(neng)。進(jin)(jin)入該方式(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)按(an)照設(she)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian),當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自動停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2.3 技術性能和參(can)數
1)額定(ding)輸入電壓(ya):380 VAC±10%50 Hz;
2)額定輸(shu)出功率:30 kW;
3)直流(liu)輸(shu)出電流(liu):5-200 A;
4)直(zhi)流輸(shu)出電壓:30~300 V;
5)工作模式:三種,便捷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、智能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)自(zi)動放電(dian)(dian)。智能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式分為(wei)三種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式,即初(chu)充(chong)方式、恒流方式和(he)快速方式;
6)具有(you)自(zi)檢功能;
7)具有電(dian)池反接保護功能(neng);
8)具有過(guo)流、過(guo)載、短路和超溫等保護功能(neng);
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心,嵌入先進的智能控制系統,在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況,自動調整充電參數,實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式,實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求,提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量,延長了電池的使用壽命,同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能,有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電器設備有(you)限公司始建于1984年,上海市高新技術企業,中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商,上海電器行業名優產品,主要生產工頻系列充電機,高頻系列充電機,鋰電池充電機,系列放電機,系列充放電機等電器產品。
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