一種智能型全自動快速充電機的設計
2019/4/3 9:10:35??????點擊：
1 充電機的現狀
目前，礦用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)車蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是(shi)(shi)先(xian)恒流(liu)(liu)再恒壓的(de)分段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有一個共同的(de)問題(ti)，就是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)式，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時(shi)以(yi)上，進行普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)需(xu)10小時(shi)以(yi)上，這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)初期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)遠(yuan)小于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受(shou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，因而(er)拉長了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)浪費。而(er)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)后(hou)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又大于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受(shou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度升高，產(chan)生大量析氣，并(bing)形成(cheng)內部硫化結(jie)晶(jing)，大大縮(suo)短了(le)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)循環使用(yong)壽命，甚至有可能永(yong)久性(xing)地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。這(zhe)不僅造成(cheng)了(le)浪費，也(ye)增加(jia)了(le)對環境的(de)污染(ran)。同時(shi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)傳統充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)變壓器變壓整流(liu)(liu)，可控硅控制的(de)途(tu)徑，技術(shu)落后(hou)，設(she)備笨重，可靠性(xing)也(ye)差。
美國(guo)科學家馬斯通過(guo)(guo)(guo)對鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)量(liang)試驗研究，提出了一(yi)條鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲線(xian)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很大(da)(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)延續(xu)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸按(an)指數(shu)規律減小(xiao)。讓(rang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流按(an)這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)條理(li)想(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲線(xian)變化(hua)，就可以(yi)最(zui)大(da)(da)限(xian)度的(de)(de)提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率。同時，試驗表(biao)明(ming)，采用脈(mo)沖式的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是消除各種極(ji)化(hua)現象，提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度，延長蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循環使(shi)用壽命(ming)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)途徑。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是在(zai)對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中適時暫停充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適當加入放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停止時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)歐(ou)姆極(ji)化(hua)消失(shi)，濃差極(ji)化(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)減弱。若能在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中讓(rang)其反向放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)化(hua)現象迅速(su)消失(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部溫(wen)度也會因放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而得到有(you)效(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板有(you)加強其韌(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果，可以(yi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循環使(shi)用壽命(ming)。同時，由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)化(hua)現象的(de)(de)消失(shi)，脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又可以(yi)深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部的(de)(de)活性(xing)物質，從而大(da)(da)幅度提高蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)效(xiao)容量(liang)。
當前(qian)，帶有自適應控制技術的(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)式充電(dian)機(ji)已成(cheng)為礦用電(dian)機(ji)車充電(dian)機(ji)的(de)主要發(fa)展(zhan)方向。因(yin)此，開發(fa)新一代的(de)智能快(kuai)速充電(dian)機(ji)不僅可(ke)以提高充電(dian)效率，降(jiang)低使用單(dan)位的(de)運(yun)營成(cheng)本，同時也具有節能、環(huan)保等(deng)諸方面(mian)的(de)社會意義(yi)。
2 一種智(zhi)能型(xing)全自(zi)動快速充電(dian)機
2．1 電(dian)氣原(yuan)理
充電機電氣原理(li)框圖(tu)見(jian)圖(tu)1。電氣原理(li)分為三(san)大部分，即(ji)逆(ni)變主(zhu)通道、檢測控制單元(yuan)和(he)對話(hua)單元(yuan)(顯示操(cao)作(zuo)單元(yuan))。
逆變主通道(dao)將380 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變換(huan)為(wei)可對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的可控直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，由輸(shu)入回路(lu)(lu)、工頻整流(liu)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變換(huan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、高頻整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸(shu)出回路(lu)(lu)及放電(dian)(dian)回路(lu)(lu)組成。
輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)即供電回路(lu)(lu)，在非運行狀態(tai)時，可切斷(duan)主通道電源。輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)設(she)計有軟啟動(dong)功能，避免(mian)啟動(dong)沖擊對回路(lu)(lu)元件(jian)造成的損(sun)傷。
工頻整流(liu)濾波電路將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電整流(liu)為約550 V的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電，如圖2所示。
移相全橋功率(lv)變(bian)換電(dian)路是主(zhu)通(tong)道的核(he)心，完(wan)成從直流(liu)(liu)到交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)再到直流(liu)(liu)的變(bian)換。如圖(tu)3所示(shi)。通(tong)過改變(bian)橋臂IGBT控(kong)制信號的相位，來改變(bian)耦合到高頻變(bian)壓器的波形寬(kuan)度，從而改變(bian)輸出(chu)給被(bei)充電(dian)池的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)壓值。
高頻整(zheng)流濾波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)將高頻變壓(ya)器(qi)副邊(bian)的高頻交流電(dian)(dian)，整(zheng)流為電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要求的平滑直流電(dian)(dian)。
輸出(chu)開關電路在非(fei)充電狀(zhuang)態下保證主通道與被充電池的隔離，防止(zhi)發生反接造成的危險。
放電(dian)電(dian)路實現(xian)"充(chong)(chong)-停(ting)-放-停(ting)-充(chong)(chong)"的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式，從而改(gai)善電(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效果和恢復電(dian)池的性能(neng)。此外(wai)，還(huan)可以對電(dian)能(neng)未消耗(hao)完的待充(chong)(chong)電(dian)池進行(xing)放電(dian)處理。
控制單元接收來自對話單元給定的(de)參數和命令，并通過對主通道(dao)各相關參數的(de)實(shi)時(shi)檢(jian)測，動(dong)態控制主通道(dao)的(de)工作，實(shi)現要求的(de)充電功能和充電進程。同時(shi)為(wei)設(she)備(bei)提供多(duo)種保護。
控制單元采用最新嵌入(ru)式內核芯(xin)片(pian)ARM設計(ji)。采集模擬量為：4路溫度(du)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流、放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)池電(dian)壓。控制量為：輸入(ru)開關(guan)、軟(ruan)啟動、輸出(chu)(chu)開關(guan)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)容放(fang)電(dian)和(he)ZVT-PWM變換(huan)控制等
控制(zhi)單元與對(dui)話(hua)單元之間為RS232全雙(shuang)工通(tong)信。控制(zhi)單元接收來自(zi)對(dui)話(hua)單元的各(ge)種控制(zhi)命(ming)令，并(bing)向對(dui)話(hua)單元實時發送數據。
對話(hua)單(dan)元(yuan)是整機操(cao)作(zuo)平(ping)臺，接收(shou)并實現操(cao)作(zuo)者的各種(zhong)工作(zuo)指令，完成各種(zhong)工作(zuo)方式的參數設定、記憶及各種(zhong)動靜態參數顯示。對話(hua)單(dan)元(yuan)由控制芯片(pian)、LCM、參數存儲器和操(cao)作(zuo)按鍵組(zu)成。
當(dang)充電(dian)機(ji)進(jin)入工作(zuo)狀態時(shi)，設備首先進(jin)行自檢(jian)。自檢(jian)項目包括充電(dian)電(dian)池是否反(fan)接、主通道各(ge)部分是否正常。
自檢結果將發送給(gei)對話(hua)單元。
自檢正常時(shi)，設(she)備處于待(dai)命(ming)狀(zhuang)態，準備接收由對話單元發來的各(ge)種(zhong)命(ming)令及參數，并(bing)按要求(qiu)開始相應的工作(zuo)進程。
自(zi)檢(jian)故(gu)障時(shi)，對話單元顯示(shi)故(gu)障編號(hao)，等(deng)待檢(jian)修(xiu)。
2．2 工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)式
智能型全自(zi)動快速充電機設計了三(san)種工(gong)作方(fang)式(shi)：便捷方(fang)式(shi)、智能方(fang)式(shi)和放(fang)電方(fang)式(shi)。
便(bian)捷方式。一種(zhong)常(chang)規的恒(heng)流(liu)限壓定(ding)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)作方式，此(ci)(ci)方式工(gong)作時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機以設(she)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)向負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達(da)到(dao)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不再(zai)上升，而充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸減小。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)時(shi)間時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機自(zi)動結束(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)。此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)模式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不宜超過100 A，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)不易(yi)充(chong)滿，且析氣量大。
智能方式(shi)(shi)。一種(zhong)(zhong)針(zhen)對不(bu)同規格型號的電(dian)池采取(qu)不(bu)同整定參數充(chong)電(dian)的工作方式(shi)(shi)。而對每一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)池又有三種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，即初充(chong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、恒流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和快速模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。
a．初充模(mo)式(shi)。為(wei)兩階段的定電流(liu)、定時間的自動充電方式(shi)。主要為(wei)新電池(chi)初充設(she)計(ji)。此模(mo)式(shi)充電，兩階段電流(liu)均不(bu)宜過大，
b．恒流模式。開始(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)為恒流工(gong)作(zuo)，當電(dian)(dian)壓升高到設定值時(shi)轉入(ru)穩壓工(gong)作(zuo)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)達到設定時(shi)間(jian)或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量滿時(shi)自(zi)動停(ting)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這是(shi)基本(ben)進程(cheng)。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)足夠長(chang)時(shi)，基本(ben)進程(cheng)會疊加(jia)(jia)周期性的放電(dian)(dian)脈沖，疊加(jia)(jia)后的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為"充(chong)-停(ting)-放-停(ting)-充(chong)"。
c． 快速(su)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)。快速(su)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)包含(han)三個順序階段(duan)(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)和(he)(he)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維持(chi)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)(duan)以大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為特征，當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)容量(liang)或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)至限定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)結(jie)束，轉入恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)段(duan)(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)(duan)可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恢復(fu)80％左右的(de)容量(liang)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)段(duan)(duan)則維持(chi)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束時(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)減小，當恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)時(shi)(shi)，自(zi)動(dong)轉入維持(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。快速(su)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)一樣，當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)足(zu)夠長時(shi)(shi)，基本進(jin)(jin)程會疊加(jia)周期性(xing)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊加(jia)后的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程為"充-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充"。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)過程結(jie)束時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)容量(liang)可恢復(fu)95％以上(shang)。當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)(jin)程轉入維持(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程時(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊加(jia)停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)是為人工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)設(she)計的(de)功能。進(jin)(jin)入該方式(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)按照設(she)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降到(dao)設(she)定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)自(zi)動(dong)停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技術性能和參數
1)額定輸入電壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定(ding)輸出功率：30 kW；
3)直流輸(shu)出(chu)電流：5-200 A；
4)直(zhi)流輸出(chu)電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作(zuo)模(mo)式(shi)：三種，便捷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電、智能充(chong)(chong)(chong)電和自(zi)動放電。智能充(chong)(chong)(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)分為(wei)三種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，即(ji)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)、恒流(liu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)和快速方(fang)(fang)式(shi)；
6)具有(you)自檢(jian)功(gong)能；
7)具有電池反接保護功能(neng)；
8)具有過(guo)流、過(guo)載、短路和超溫等保護功能；
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電器設備有(you)限公(gong)司始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
目前，礦用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)車蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是(shi)(shi)先(xian)恒流(liu)(liu)再恒壓的(de)分段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有一個共同的(de)問題(ti)，就是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)式，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時(shi)以(yi)上，進行普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)需(xu)10小時(shi)以(yi)上，這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)初期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)遠(yuan)小于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受(shou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，因而(er)拉長了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)浪費。而(er)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)后(hou)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又大于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受(shou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度升高，產(chan)生大量析氣，并(bing)形成(cheng)內部硫化結(jie)晶(jing)，大大縮(suo)短了(le)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)循環使用(yong)壽命，甚至有可能永(yong)久性(xing)地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。這(zhe)不僅造成(cheng)了(le)浪費，也(ye)增加(jia)了(le)對環境的(de)污染(ran)。同時(shi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)傳統充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)變壓器變壓整流(liu)(liu)，可控硅控制的(de)途(tu)徑，技術(shu)落后(hou)，設(she)備笨重，可靠性(xing)也(ye)差。
美國(guo)科學家馬斯通過(guo)(guo)(guo)對鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)量(liang)試驗研究，提出了一(yi)條鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲線(xian)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很大(da)(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)延續(xu)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸按(an)指數(shu)規律減小(xiao)。讓(rang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流按(an)這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)條理(li)想(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲線(xian)變化(hua)，就可以(yi)最(zui)大(da)(da)限(xian)度的(de)(de)提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率。同時，試驗表(biao)明(ming)，采用脈(mo)沖式的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是消除各種極(ji)化(hua)現象，提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度，延長蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循環使(shi)用壽命(ming)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)途徑。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是在(zai)對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中適時暫停充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適當加入放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停止時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)歐(ou)姆極(ji)化(hua)消失(shi)，濃差極(ji)化(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)減弱。若能在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中讓(rang)其反向放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)化(hua)現象迅速(su)消失(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部溫(wen)度也會因放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而得到有(you)效(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板有(you)加強其韌(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果，可以(yi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循環使(shi)用壽命(ming)。同時，由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)化(hua)現象的(de)(de)消失(shi)，脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又可以(yi)深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部的(de)(de)活性(xing)物質，從而大(da)(da)幅度提高蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)效(xiao)容量(liang)。
當前(qian)，帶有自適應控制技術的(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)式充電(dian)機(ji)已成(cheng)為礦用電(dian)機(ji)車充電(dian)機(ji)的(de)主要發(fa)展(zhan)方向。因(yin)此，開發(fa)新一代的(de)智能快(kuai)速充電(dian)機(ji)不僅可(ke)以提高充電(dian)效率，降(jiang)低使用單(dan)位的(de)運(yun)營成(cheng)本，同時也具有節能、環(huan)保等(deng)諸方面(mian)的(de)社會意義(yi)。
2 一種智(zhi)能型(xing)全自(zi)動快速充電(dian)機
2．1 電(dian)氣原(yuan)理
充電機電氣原理(li)框圖(tu)見(jian)圖(tu)1。電氣原理(li)分為三(san)大部分，即(ji)逆(ni)變主(zhu)通道、檢測控制單元(yuan)和(he)對話(hua)單元(yuan)(顯示操(cao)作(zuo)單元(yuan))。
逆變主通道(dao)將380 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變換(huan)為(wei)可對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的可控直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，由輸(shu)入回路(lu)(lu)、工頻整流(liu)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變換(huan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、高頻整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸(shu)出回路(lu)(lu)及放電(dian)(dian)回路(lu)(lu)組成。
輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)即供電回路(lu)(lu)，在非運行狀態(tai)時，可切斷(duan)主通道電源。輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)設(she)計有軟啟動(dong)功能，避免(mian)啟動(dong)沖擊對回路(lu)(lu)元件(jian)造成的損(sun)傷。
工頻整流(liu)濾波電路將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電整流(liu)為約550 V的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電，如圖2所示。
移相全橋功率(lv)變(bian)換電(dian)路是主(zhu)通(tong)道的核(he)心，完(wan)成從直流(liu)(liu)到交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)再到直流(liu)(liu)的變(bian)換。如圖(tu)3所示(shi)。通(tong)過改變(bian)橋臂IGBT控(kong)制信號的相位，來改變(bian)耦合到高頻變(bian)壓器的波形寬(kuan)度，從而改變(bian)輸出(chu)給被(bei)充電(dian)池的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)壓值。
高頻整(zheng)流濾波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)將高頻變壓(ya)器(qi)副邊(bian)的高頻交流電(dian)(dian)，整(zheng)流為電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要求的平滑直流電(dian)(dian)。
輸出(chu)開關電路在非(fei)充電狀(zhuang)態下保證主通道與被充電池的隔離，防止(zhi)發生反接造成的危險。
放電(dian)電(dian)路實現(xian)"充(chong)(chong)-停(ting)-放-停(ting)-充(chong)(chong)"的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式，從而改(gai)善電(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效果和恢復電(dian)池的性能(neng)。此外(wai)，還(huan)可以對電(dian)能(neng)未消耗(hao)完的待充(chong)(chong)電(dian)池進行(xing)放電(dian)處理。
控制單元接收來自對話單元給定的(de)參數和命令，并通過對主通道(dao)各相關參數的(de)實(shi)時(shi)檢(jian)測，動(dong)態控制主通道(dao)的(de)工作，實(shi)現要求的(de)充電功能和充電進程。同時(shi)為(wei)設(she)備(bei)提供多(duo)種保護。
控制單元采用最新嵌入(ru)式內核芯(xin)片(pian)ARM設計(ji)。采集模擬量為：4路溫度(du)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流、放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)池電(dian)壓。控制量為：輸入(ru)開關(guan)、軟(ruan)啟動、輸出(chu)(chu)開關(guan)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)容放(fang)電(dian)和(he)ZVT-PWM變換(huan)控制等
控制(zhi)單元與對(dui)話(hua)單元之間為RS232全雙(shuang)工通(tong)信。控制(zhi)單元接收來自(zi)對(dui)話(hua)單元的各(ge)種控制(zhi)命(ming)令，并(bing)向對(dui)話(hua)單元實時發送數據。
對話(hua)單(dan)元(yuan)是整機操(cao)作(zuo)平(ping)臺，接收(shou)并實現操(cao)作(zuo)者的各種(zhong)工作(zuo)指令，完成各種(zhong)工作(zuo)方式的參數設定、記憶及各種(zhong)動靜態參數顯示。對話(hua)單(dan)元(yuan)由控制芯片(pian)、LCM、參數存儲器和操(cao)作(zuo)按鍵組(zu)成。
當(dang)充電(dian)機(ji)進(jin)入工作(zuo)狀態時(shi)，設備首先進(jin)行自檢(jian)。自檢(jian)項目包括充電(dian)電(dian)池是否反(fan)接、主通道各(ge)部分是否正常。
自檢結果將發送給(gei)對話(hua)單元。
自檢正常時(shi)，設(she)備處于待(dai)命(ming)狀(zhuang)態，準備接收由對話單元發來的各(ge)種(zhong)命(ming)令及參數，并(bing)按要求(qiu)開始相應的工作(zuo)進程。
自(zi)檢(jian)故(gu)障時(shi)，對話單元顯示(shi)故(gu)障編號(hao)，等(deng)待檢(jian)修(xiu)。
2．2 工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)式
智能型全自(zi)動快速充電機設計了三(san)種工(gong)作方(fang)式(shi)：便捷方(fang)式(shi)、智能方(fang)式(shi)和放(fang)電方(fang)式(shi)。
便(bian)捷方式。一種(zhong)常(chang)規的恒(heng)流(liu)限壓定(ding)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)作方式，此(ci)(ci)方式工(gong)作時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機以設(she)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)向負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達(da)到(dao)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不再(zai)上升，而充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸減小。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)時(shi)間時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機自(zi)動結束(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)。此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)模式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不宜超過100 A，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)不易(yi)充(chong)滿，且析氣量大。
智能方式(shi)(shi)。一種(zhong)(zhong)針(zhen)對不(bu)同規格型號的電(dian)池采取(qu)不(bu)同整定參數充(chong)電(dian)的工作方式(shi)(shi)。而對每一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)池又有三種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，即初充(chong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、恒流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和快速模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。
a．初充模(mo)式(shi)。為(wei)兩階段的定電流(liu)、定時間的自動充電方式(shi)。主要為(wei)新電池(chi)初充設(she)計(ji)。此模(mo)式(shi)充電，兩階段電流(liu)均不(bu)宜過大，
b．恒流模式。開始(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)為恒流工(gong)作(zuo)，當電(dian)(dian)壓升高到設定值時(shi)轉入(ru)穩壓工(gong)作(zuo)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)達到設定時(shi)間(jian)或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量滿時(shi)自(zi)動停(ting)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這是(shi)基本(ben)進程(cheng)。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)足夠長(chang)時(shi)，基本(ben)進程(cheng)會疊加(jia)(jia)周期性的放電(dian)(dian)脈沖，疊加(jia)(jia)后的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為"充(chong)-停(ting)-放-停(ting)-充(chong)"。
c． 快速(su)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)。快速(su)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)包含(han)三個順序階段(duan)(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)和(he)(he)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維持(chi)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)(duan)以大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為特征，當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)容量(liang)或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)至限定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)結(jie)束，轉入恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)段(duan)(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)(duan)可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恢復(fu)80％左右的(de)容量(liang)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)段(duan)(duan)則維持(chi)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束時(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)減小，當恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)時(shi)(shi)，自(zi)動(dong)轉入維持(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。快速(su)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)一樣，當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)足(zu)夠長時(shi)(shi)，基本進(jin)(jin)程會疊加(jia)周期性(xing)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊加(jia)后的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程為"充-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充"。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)過程結(jie)束時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)容量(liang)可恢復(fu)95％以上(shang)。當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)(jin)程轉入維持(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程時(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊加(jia)停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)是為人工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)設(she)計的(de)功能。進(jin)(jin)入該方式(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)按照設(she)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降到(dao)設(she)定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)自(zi)動(dong)停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技術性能和參數
1)額定輸入電壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定(ding)輸出功率：30 kW；
3)直流輸(shu)出(chu)電流：5-200 A；
4)直(zhi)流輸出(chu)電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作(zuo)模(mo)式(shi)：三種，便捷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電、智能充(chong)(chong)(chong)電和自(zi)動放電。智能充(chong)(chong)(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)分為(wei)三種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，即(ji)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)、恒流(liu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)和快速方(fang)(fang)式(shi)；
6)具有(you)自檢(jian)功(gong)能；
7)具有電池反接保護功能(neng)；
8)具有過(guo)流、過(guo)載、短路和超溫等保護功能；
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電器設備有(you)限公(gong)司始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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