一種智能型全自動快速充電機的設計
2019/4/3 9:10:35??????點擊：
1 充電(dian)機(ji)的現狀(zhuang)
目(mu)前，礦(kuang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)車(che)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無論是恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是先恒(heng)流再恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)分段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有(you)一個共同的(de)(de)問題，就是這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)方式，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)初(chu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需70小時以上，進行普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也需10小時以上，這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)初(chu)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流遠(yuan)小于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，因(yin)而(er)拉長(chang)了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)浪費(fei)。而(er)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)后(hou)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又大于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部溫(wen)度升高，產生大量(liang)析氣，并形成內部硫化結(jie)晶，大大縮(suo)短了(le)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)循(xun)環使用壽命，甚至有(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能永(yong)久性地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。這不僅造成了(le)浪費(fei)，也增加(jia)了(le)對環境的(de)(de)污染。同時，這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用變壓(ya)(ya)器變壓(ya)(ya)整流，可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅控制的(de)(de)途徑，技術落后(hou)，設備笨重，可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠性也差。
美國科學家馬斯通過對(dui)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)研(yan)究，提(ti)出了一條鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲(qu)線(xian)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很(hen)大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸按指數規律減小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流按這樣一條理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲(qu)線(xian)變化(hua)(hua)，就可(ke)以(yi)最(zui)大(da)限度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)率。同(tong)時(shi)，試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)表明，采用脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)除(chu)各種極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)，延長蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)環使用壽命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)途徑。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)在(zai)對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中適(shi)時(shi)暫停(ting)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適(shi)當加(jia)入放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)止(zhi)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歐姆(mu)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)消(xiao)失，濃差(cha)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)(hua)減弱。若能在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中讓其(qi)反向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則(ze)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)迅速消(xiao)失，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部溫度(du)(du)也會因放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)得到有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)控制。脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板有(you)加(jia)強其(qi)韌性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果，可(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環使用壽命。同(tong)時(shi)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)失，脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又(you)可(ke)以(yi)深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性物(wu)質，從而(er)大(da)幅度(du)(du)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量。
當前(qian)，帶有自適應控制技術的(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖式充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)已成為礦用(yong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)車充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)主要發展(zhan)方向。因此，開發新一代的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)快速充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)不僅可(ke)以提高充電(dian)(dian)效率，降(jiang)低使用(yong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)運營成本，同時(shi)也具(ju)有節能(neng)、環保等諸方面的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會意義(yi)。
2 一種智能(neng)型全自(zi)動(dong)快速充(chong)電機
2．1 電(dian)氣(qi)原理(li)
充電(dian)機電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理框圖見(jian)圖1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理分為三大部分，即逆變主通道、檢測控制單(dan)元(yuan)和對話(hua)單(dan)元(yuan)(顯示(shi)操作單(dan)元(yuan))。
逆變(bian)主通道(dao)將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源變(bian)換(huan)為可對電(dian)池進行充電(dian)的可控直流(liu)電(dian)源，由輸入回路、工(gong)頻整流(liu)濾波(bo)電(dian)路、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變(bian)換(huan)電(dian)路、高頻整流(liu)電(dian)路濾波(bo)電(dian)路、輸出(chu)回路及放電(dian)回路組(zu)成。
輸(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)即供(gong)電回(hui)路(lu)(lu)，在非運行狀態時，可切斷主通道電源。輸(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)設(she)計有軟(ruan)啟(qi)動功能，避免啟(qi)動沖擊(ji)對回(hui)路(lu)(lu)元(yuan)件(jian)造(zao)成的損傷。
工頻整流(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)將380 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)整流(liu)為約550 V的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，如圖2所示。
移相(xiang)全橋功率變(bian)(bian)換電路是主通道(dao)的(de)核心(xin)，完(wan)成(cheng)從直流(liu)到交(jiao)流(liu)再到直流(liu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)換。如圖3所示(shi)。通過改(gai)變(bian)(bian)橋臂IGBT控制信號的(de)相(xiang)位，來改(gai)變(bian)(bian)耦合到高頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)波(bo)形(xing)寬度，從而改(gai)變(bian)(bian)輸出給被充電池的(de)電流(liu)、電壓值。
高頻(pin)整流(liu)濾波(bo)電(dian)路將(jiang)高頻(pin)變壓器副邊的高頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)，整流(liu)為電(dian)池充電(dian)要求的平滑直流(liu)電(dian)。
輸出開關電(dian)路在(zai)非(fei)充(chong)電(dian)狀態下保證主通道與被(bei)充(chong)電(dian)池的(de)隔(ge)離，防止(zhi)發(fa)生反接造成的(de)危險。
放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路實現(xian)"充(chong)-停-放(fang)-停-充(chong)"的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)，從(cong)而改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果和恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的性能。此外(wai)，還(huan)可以對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能未(wei)消(xiao)耗完的待充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處理。
控制單元接收來自對(dui)話單元給定(ding)的(de)參(can)數和命令，并(bing)通(tong)過對(dui)主通(tong)道各相關參(can)數的(de)實時(shi)檢測，動態控制主通(tong)道的(de)工作，實現要求(qiu)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)功能和充(chong)電(dian)進程。同時(shi)為(wei)設(she)備提供多種保護。
控(kong)制單(dan)元采用最新嵌入式(shi)內(nei)核芯片ARM設計。采集(ji)模擬量為(wei)：4路(lu)溫(wen)度(du)、輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流、放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓。控(kong)制量為(wei)：輸(shu)入開關(guan)、軟(ruan)啟動、輸(shu)出(chu)開關(guan)、輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)和(he)ZVT-PWM變(bian)換控(kong)制等(deng)
控(kong)制單元與(yu)對(dui)話(hua)單元之間為(wei)RS232全雙工通信。控(kong)制單元接收來(lai)自對(dui)話(hua)單元的各種(zhong)控(kong)制命令，并向對(dui)話(hua)單元實時發送數據(ju)。
對話單元是整機(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)平臺(tai)，接收并實現操(cao)作(zuo)者的各種(zhong)工作(zuo)指(zhi)令，完成各種(zhong)工作(zuo)方式的參數(shu)設定、記憶及(ji)各種(zhong)動靜態參數(shu)顯示。對話單元由控制芯片、LCM、參數(shu)存儲器和操(cao)作(zuo)按(an)鍵組(zu)成。
當充(chong)電機進(jin)入工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)時，設(she)備首先進(jin)行自檢。自檢項目包括充(chong)電電池是(shi)否(fou)反(fan)接、主通(tong)道各部(bu)分是(shi)否(fou)正常。
自檢結果將發送(song)給對話單元。
自檢正常時，設備處于待(dai)命狀態，準備接收由對話單(dan)元發來(lai)的各種命令(ling)及參數，并(bing)按要求(qiu)開始相應(ying)的工作進程。
自檢故障時，對話單元顯示故障編號，等待檢修。
2．2 工作(zuo)方式
智能(neng)型全(quan)自(zi)動快速(su)充電(dian)機設計(ji)了三種工作方式：便捷(jie)方式、智能(neng)方式和放電(dian)方式。
便捷方式(shi)。一種常規的(de)恒流限壓(ya)(ya)定時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)方式(shi)，此方式(shi)工作(zuo)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機以設(she)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流向負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到(dao)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)再上升，而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸減小。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到(dao)設(she)定時(shi)間時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機自動結束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。此種模(mo)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)宜超過(guo)100 A，否則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶不(bu)易充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，且析(xi)氣(qi)量大。
智能方式(shi)(shi)。一種針(zhen)對不(bu)同規(gui)格型號的(de)電池采(cai)取不(bu)同整定參數充電的(de)工作方式(shi)(shi)。而對每一種電池又有三(san)種充電模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，即初充模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、恒流模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和快速模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。
a．初充(chong)模式(shi)。為(wei)兩階段的定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、定(ding)時間的自動充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。主要(yao)為(wei)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池初充(chong)設計。此模式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，兩階段電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)均不宜過大，
b．恒流(liu)(liu)模式。開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電時(shi)為恒流(liu)(liu)工作，當電壓(ya)升高到設(she)定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)轉(zhuan)入穩(wen)壓(ya)工作，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電時(shi)間達到設(she)定(ding)時(shi)間或充(chong)(chong)(chong)電容量滿時(shi)自動停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電，這是基(ji)本進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電時(shi)間足夠長(chang)時(shi)，基(ji)本進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)會疊加周(zhou)期性的(de)放電脈沖，疊加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電過程(cheng)(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c． 快(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。快(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)包含三個順序階段(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)段(duan)以(yi)(yi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)特(te)征，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達(da)(da)到設定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達(da)(da)到設定值(zhi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升至限定值(zhi)時(shi)結(jie)束，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)段(duan)可使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恢復80％左右的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)則維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束時(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸減小，當恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)(da)到設定時(shi)間時(shi)，自(zi)動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。快(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)一樣(yang)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間足夠長時(shi)，基本進程會疊(die)加周(zhou)期性(xing)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖，疊(die)加后(hou)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程為(wei)(wei)"充(chong)-停-放(fang)-停-充(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程結(jie)束時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶容(rong)(rong)量(liang)可恢復95％以(yi)(yi)上。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進程轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程時(shi)，脈沖疊(die)加停止(zhi)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)是為(wei)(wei)人工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設計的(de)(de)功能(neng)。進入(ru)該(gai)方式(shi)(shi)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶按照設定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到設定值(zhi)時(shi)自(zi)動停止(zhi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技術性能和參數(shu)
1)額定輸(shu)入電壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定輸出功率：30 kW；
3)直流(liu)輸出電流(liu)：5-200 A；
4)直(zhi)流輸出(chu)電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作模式(shi)(shi)(shi)：三種，便(bian)捷充(chong)電(dian)、智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)和(he)自動放電(dian)。智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)分為三種充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，即初充(chong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、恒流(liu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)快速方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)；
6)具有自(zi)檢(jian)功能；
7)具有電池反接保護(hu)功能(neng)；
8)具(ju)有過流、過載、短(duan)路和超溫等保護功能；
3 結(jie)語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能(neng)電器設備(bei)有限公司始(shi)建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
目(mu)前，礦(kuang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)車(che)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無論是恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是先恒(heng)流再恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)分段式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有(you)一個共同的(de)(de)問題，就是這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)方式，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)初(chu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需70小時以上，進行普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也需10小時以上，這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)初(chu)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流遠(yuan)小于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，因(yin)而(er)拉長(chang)了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)浪費(fei)。而(er)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)后(hou)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又大于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部溫(wen)度升高，產生大量(liang)析氣，并形成內部硫化結(jie)晶，大大縮(suo)短了(le)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)循(xun)環使用壽命，甚至有(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能永(yong)久性地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。這不僅造成了(le)浪費(fei)，也增加(jia)了(le)對環境的(de)(de)污染。同時，這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用變壓(ya)(ya)器變壓(ya)(ya)整流，可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅控制的(de)(de)途徑，技術落后(hou)，設備笨重，可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠性也差。
美國科學家馬斯通過對(dui)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)研(yan)究，提(ti)出了一條鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲(qu)線(xian)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很(hen)大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸按指數規律減小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流按這樣一條理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流曲(qu)線(xian)變化(hua)(hua)，就可(ke)以(yi)最(zui)大(da)限度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)率。同(tong)時(shi)，試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)表明，采用脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)除(chu)各種極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)，延長蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)環使用壽命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)途徑。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式是(shi)(shi)在(zai)對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中適(shi)時(shi)暫停(ting)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適(shi)當加(jia)入放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)止(zhi)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歐姆(mu)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)消(xiao)失，濃差(cha)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)(hua)減弱。若能在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中讓其(qi)反向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則(ze)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)迅速消(xiao)失，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部溫度(du)(du)也會因放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)得到有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)控制。脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板有(you)加(jia)強其(qi)韌性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果，可(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環使用壽命。同(tong)時(shi)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)失，脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又(you)可(ke)以(yi)深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性物(wu)質，從而(er)大(da)幅度(du)(du)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量。
當前(qian)，帶有自適應控制技術的(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖式充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)已成為礦用(yong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)車充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)主要發展(zhan)方向。因此，開發新一代的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)快速充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)不僅可(ke)以提高充電(dian)(dian)效率，降(jiang)低使用(yong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)運營成本，同時(shi)也具(ju)有節能(neng)、環保等諸方面的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會意義(yi)。
2 一種智能(neng)型全自(zi)動(dong)快速充(chong)電機
2．1 電(dian)氣(qi)原理(li)
充電(dian)機電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理框圖見(jian)圖1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理分為三大部分，即逆變主通道、檢測控制單(dan)元(yuan)和對話(hua)單(dan)元(yuan)(顯示(shi)操作單(dan)元(yuan))。
逆變(bian)主通道(dao)將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源變(bian)換(huan)為可對電(dian)池進行充電(dian)的可控直流(liu)電(dian)源，由輸入回路、工(gong)頻整流(liu)濾波(bo)電(dian)路、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變(bian)換(huan)電(dian)路、高頻整流(liu)電(dian)路濾波(bo)電(dian)路、輸出(chu)回路及放電(dian)回路組(zu)成。
輸(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)即供(gong)電回(hui)路(lu)(lu)，在非運行狀態時，可切斷主通道電源。輸(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)設(she)計有軟(ruan)啟(qi)動功能，避免啟(qi)動沖擊(ji)對回(hui)路(lu)(lu)元(yuan)件(jian)造(zao)成的損傷。
工頻整流(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)將380 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)整流(liu)為約550 V的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，如圖2所示。
移相(xiang)全橋功率變(bian)(bian)換電路是主通道(dao)的(de)核心(xin)，完(wan)成(cheng)從直流(liu)到交(jiao)流(liu)再到直流(liu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)換。如圖3所示(shi)。通過改(gai)變(bian)(bian)橋臂IGBT控制信號的(de)相(xiang)位，來改(gai)變(bian)(bian)耦合到高頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)波(bo)形(xing)寬度，從而改(gai)變(bian)(bian)輸出給被充電池的(de)電流(liu)、電壓值。
高頻(pin)整流(liu)濾波(bo)電(dian)路將(jiang)高頻(pin)變壓器副邊的高頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)，整流(liu)為電(dian)池充電(dian)要求的平滑直流(liu)電(dian)。
輸出開關電(dian)路在(zai)非(fei)充(chong)電(dian)狀態下保證主通道與被(bei)充(chong)電(dian)池的(de)隔(ge)離，防止(zhi)發(fa)生反接造成的(de)危險。
放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路實現(xian)"充(chong)-停-放(fang)-停-充(chong)"的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)，從(cong)而改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果和恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的性能。此外(wai)，還(huan)可以對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能未(wei)消(xiao)耗完的待充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處理。
控制單元接收來自對(dui)話單元給定(ding)的(de)參(can)數和命令，并(bing)通(tong)過對(dui)主通(tong)道各相關參(can)數的(de)實時(shi)檢測，動態控制主通(tong)道的(de)工作，實現要求(qiu)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)功能和充(chong)電(dian)進程。同時(shi)為(wei)設(she)備提供多種保護。
控(kong)制單(dan)元采用最新嵌入式(shi)內(nei)核芯片ARM設計。采集(ji)模擬量為(wei)：4路(lu)溫(wen)度(du)、輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流、放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓。控(kong)制量為(wei)：輸(shu)入開關(guan)、軟(ruan)啟動、輸(shu)出(chu)開關(guan)、輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)和(he)ZVT-PWM變(bian)換控(kong)制等(deng)
控(kong)制單元與(yu)對(dui)話(hua)單元之間為(wei)RS232全雙工通信。控(kong)制單元接收來(lai)自對(dui)話(hua)單元的各種(zhong)控(kong)制命令，并向對(dui)話(hua)單元實時發送數據(ju)。
對話單元是整機(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)平臺(tai)，接收并實現操(cao)作(zuo)者的各種(zhong)工作(zuo)指(zhi)令，完成各種(zhong)工作(zuo)方式的參數(shu)設定、記憶及(ji)各種(zhong)動靜態參數(shu)顯示。對話單元由控制芯片、LCM、參數(shu)存儲器和操(cao)作(zuo)按(an)鍵組(zu)成。
當充(chong)電機進(jin)入工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)時，設(she)備首先進(jin)行自檢。自檢項目包括充(chong)電電池是(shi)否(fou)反(fan)接、主通(tong)道各部(bu)分是(shi)否(fou)正常。
自檢結果將發送(song)給對話單元。
自檢正常時，設備處于待(dai)命狀態，準備接收由對話單(dan)元發來(lai)的各種命令(ling)及參數，并(bing)按要求(qiu)開始相應(ying)的工作進程。
自檢故障時，對話單元顯示故障編號，等待檢修。
2．2 工作(zuo)方式
智能(neng)型全(quan)自(zi)動快速(su)充電(dian)機設計(ji)了三種工作方式：便捷(jie)方式、智能(neng)方式和放電(dian)方式。
便捷方式(shi)。一種常規的(de)恒流限壓(ya)(ya)定時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)方式(shi)，此方式(shi)工作(zuo)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機以設(she)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流向負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到(dao)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)再上升，而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸減小。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到(dao)設(she)定時(shi)間時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機自動結束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。此種模(mo)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)宜超過(guo)100 A，否則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶不(bu)易充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，且析(xi)氣(qi)量大。
智能方式(shi)(shi)。一種針(zhen)對不(bu)同規(gui)格型號的(de)電池采(cai)取不(bu)同整定參數充電的(de)工作方式(shi)(shi)。而對每一種電池又有三(san)種充電模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，即初充模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、恒流模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和快速模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。
a．初充(chong)模式(shi)。為(wei)兩階段的定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、定(ding)時間的自動充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。主要(yao)為(wei)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池初充(chong)設計。此模式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，兩階段電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)均不宜過大，
b．恒流(liu)(liu)模式。開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電時(shi)為恒流(liu)(liu)工作，當電壓(ya)升高到設(she)定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)轉(zhuan)入穩(wen)壓(ya)工作，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電時(shi)間達到設(she)定(ding)時(shi)間或充(chong)(chong)(chong)電容量滿時(shi)自動停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電，這是基(ji)本進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電時(shi)間足夠長(chang)時(shi)，基(ji)本進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)會疊加周(zhou)期性的(de)放電脈沖，疊加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電過程(cheng)(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c． 快(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。快(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)包含三個順序階段(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)段(duan)以(yi)(yi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)特(te)征，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達(da)(da)到設定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達(da)(da)到設定值(zhi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升至限定值(zhi)時(shi)結(jie)束，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)段(duan)可使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恢復80％左右的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)則維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束時(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸減小，當恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)(da)到設定時(shi)間時(shi)，自(zi)動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。快(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)一樣(yang)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間足夠長時(shi)，基本進程會疊(die)加周(zhou)期性(xing)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖，疊(die)加后(hou)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程為(wei)(wei)"充(chong)-停-放(fang)-停-充(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程結(jie)束時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶容(rong)(rong)量(liang)可恢復95％以(yi)(yi)上。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進程轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)維(wei)持(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程時(shi)，脈沖疊(die)加停止(zhi)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)是為(wei)(wei)人工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設計的(de)(de)功能(neng)。進入(ru)該(gai)方式(shi)(shi)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶按照設定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到設定值(zhi)時(shi)自(zi)動停止(zhi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技術性能和參數(shu)
1)額定輸(shu)入電壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定輸出功率：30 kW；
3)直流(liu)輸出電流(liu)：5-200 A；
4)直(zhi)流輸出(chu)電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作模式(shi)(shi)(shi)：三種，便(bian)捷充(chong)電(dian)、智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)和(he)自動放電(dian)。智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)分為三種充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，即初充(chong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、恒流(liu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)快速方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)；
6)具有自(zi)檢(jian)功能；
7)具有電池反接保護(hu)功能(neng)；
8)具(ju)有過流、過載、短(duan)路和超溫等保護功能；
3 結(jie)語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能(neng)電器設備(bei)有限公司始(shi)建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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