一種智能型全自動快速充電機的設計
2019/4/3 9:10:35??????點擊：
1 充電機的現狀(zhuang)
目(mu)前，礦(kuang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機車蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無論是恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)是先恒流再恒壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)分段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有(you)一個(ge)共同的(de)(de)(de)問題，就(jiu)是這種(zhong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)方式(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需70小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)(yi)上，進行普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也需10小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)(yi)上，這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流遠小(xiao)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，因而(er)拉長了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)浪費。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)期(qi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又(you)大于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內部溫度升高，產生(sheng)大量(liang)析氣，并形成(cheng)內部硫化結晶，大大縮短了蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循環使用壽命，甚至(zhi)有(you)可(ke)能永久性地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。這不(bu)僅造成(cheng)了浪費，也增(zeng)加了對環境的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)。同時(shi)，這種(zhong)傳(chuan)統充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用變壓(ya)(ya)器變壓(ya)(ya)整流，可(ke)控(kong)硅控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)途(tu)徑，技術落后(hou)，設(she)備(bei)笨重，可(ke)靠性也差。
美國科(ke)學(xue)家馬斯通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量試驗(yan)研(yan)究，提(ti)出了一條鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很(hen)大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)延(yan)續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)按指數規律減小。讓(rang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按這樣一條理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)，就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)最大(da)限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)率。同時，試驗(yan)表明，采用(yong)脈(mo)沖式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是消除各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象，提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)，延(yan)長蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)途徑。這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是在(zai)(zai)對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)適(shi)(shi)時暫停(ting)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適(shi)(shi)當加(jia)入放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)止時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)歐(ou)姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)消失，濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)減弱(ruo)。若(ruo)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)讓(rang)其反向放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象迅速(su)消失，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度(du)也會因(yin)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)(er)得(de)到有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板有(you)加(jia)強其韌性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)。同時，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)消失，脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可(ke)(ke)以(yi)深(shen)層(ceng)次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部的(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)，從而(er)(er)大(da)幅度(du)提(ti)高蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量。
當(dang)前，帶有自適(shi)應控制(zhi)技術的脈沖式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)已成為礦用(yong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的主要發展方向。因此，開發新一代(dai)的智能快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)不僅(jin)可以(yi)提高(gao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效(xiao)率，降低使用(yong)單位的運營成本，同時也具(ju)有節(jie)能、環保(bao)等諸方面的社會意義。
2 一種智能型全自動快速充電機
2．1 電氣(qi)原(yuan)理
充電(dian)機(ji)電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)框圖(tu)見圖(tu)1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)分(fen)為三大部分(fen)，即逆變主(zhu)通道(dao)、檢測(ce)控(kong)制單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)和對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(顯示操(cao)作單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan))。
逆變(bian)主通道將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源變(bian)換(huan)(huan)為(wei)可(ke)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)進行充(chong)電(dian)的可(ke)控直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源，由輸入回路(lu)(lu)、工頻整流(liu)濾波電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、移相(xiang)全橋(ZVT-PWM)變(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、高頻整流(liu)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)濾波電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸出回路(lu)(lu)及(ji)放(fang)電(dian)回路(lu)(lu)組成(cheng)。
輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)即供(gong)電回路(lu)(lu)，在(zai)非運行狀態時，可切(qie)斷主通道電源。輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)有軟啟動(dong)功能，避免啟動(dong)沖擊對回路(lu)(lu)元(yuan)件造成(cheng)的損傷。
工頻整流濾波電(dian)路(lu)將380 V交流電(dian)整流為約550 V的直流電(dian)，如圖2所示。
移相全橋功率(lv)變換電路是主通道(dao)的核心，完(wan)成從直流到交(jiao)流再到直流的變換。如(ru)圖3所示(shi)。通過改(gai)變橋臂IGBT控制信號的相位，來改(gai)變耦(ou)合到高頻變壓(ya)器的波形寬度，從而改(gai)變輸出給被充電池的電流、電壓(ya)值。
高(gao)頻整流(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)路將高(gao)頻變壓器副邊的高(gao)頻交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，整流(liu)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要(yao)求的平滑(hua)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)。
輸出開(kai)關電路(lu)在非(fei)充電狀態下(xia)保證(zheng)主(zhu)通道(dao)與被充電池的隔離，防止(zhi)發生反接(jie)造(zao)成的危險。
放電(dian)電(dian)路實現"充(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)"的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式，從而改善電(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效果和(he)恢復電(dian)池(chi)的(de)性能(neng)。此外(wai)，還可(ke)以對電(dian)能(neng)未消耗完的(de)待充(chong)(chong)電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行放電(dian)處理。
控制單(dan)元(yuan)接收來自對話單(dan)元(yuan)給定的參(can)數和(he)命令，并(bing)通過對主(zhu)(zhu)通道(dao)各相(xiang)關參(can)數的實時(shi)檢測，動態控制主(zhu)(zhu)通道(dao)的工作，實現要(yao)求的充電功能和(he)充電進程。同時(shi)為設備提供多種保護。
控(kong)制(zhi)單元采用(yong)最(zui)新嵌入(ru)(ru)式內(nei)核芯片ARM設計。采集模擬量(liang)為：4路溫度、輸(shu)出電流、放電電流、輸(shu)出電壓(ya)和電池電壓(ya)。控(kong)制(zhi)量(liang)為：輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)開關(guan)、軟啟動、輸(shu)出開關(guan)、輸(shu)出電容放電和ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)制(zhi)等
控制單(dan)元(yuan)與對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)之間(jian)為RS232全雙工通信。控制單(dan)元(yuan)接收來自(zi)對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)的各種控制命令(ling)，并向對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)實時發送(song)數據。
對話(hua)單元是整機操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)臺，接收并實現操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)各(ge)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)指令(ling)，完成(cheng)各(ge)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方式的(de)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)設(she)定、記憶及各(ge)種(zhong)動(dong)靜態參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)顯示。對話(hua)單元由控制芯片、LCM、參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)存儲(chu)器(qi)和操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)按鍵組成(cheng)。
當(dang)充(chong)電機進入(ru)工作(zuo)狀態時(shi)，設備首先進行自檢。自檢項目包括充(chong)電電池是否反接、主通道各(ge)部分是否正常。
自檢結果將發送給對話(hua)單元。
自檢正常時，設備處于(yu)待命狀態，準備接收由對話單元發來的各種命令(ling)及參(can)數，并按要求開(kai)始相應的工作進程。
自(zi)檢故障時，對話單元顯示故障編號，等待檢修。
2．2 工作方(fang)式(shi)
智(zhi)(zhi)能型全自動快(kuai)速充電機設計了三種(zhong)工作(zuo)方式(shi)：便(bian)捷方式(shi)、智(zhi)(zhi)能方式(shi)和放電方式(shi)。
便捷方(fang)式(shi)。一種(zhong)常規的恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)限(xian)壓定時(shi)(shi)(shi)充電工作方(fang)式(shi)，此方(fang)式(shi)工作時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充電機以設(she)定電流(liu)(liu)(liu)向負載電瓶恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電，當(dang)充電電壓達到限(xian)制電壓時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電壓不(bu)再上升(sheng)，而充電電流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸減小。當(dang)充電時(shi)(shi)(shi)間達到設(she)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)間時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充電機自動(dong)結束充電過程(cheng)。此種(zhong)模式(shi)充電，電流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)宜超過100 A，否則(ze)電瓶不(bu)易充滿，且(qie)析氣量大。
智能方式(shi)(shi)。一種針對(dui)(dui)不同規(gui)格型號的(de)電(dian)(dian)池采取不同整定參數(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)工作(zuo)方式(shi)(shi)。而對(dui)(dui)每一種電(dian)(dian)池又有三種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)，即初充(chong)模式(shi)(shi)、恒流模式(shi)(shi)和快速模式(shi)(shi)。
a．初充模(mo)式。為(wei)(wei)兩階(jie)段的(de)定電(dian)(dian)流、定時間的(de)自動充電(dian)(dian)方式。主要為(wei)(wei)新電(dian)(dian)池初充設計。此模(mo)式充電(dian)(dian)，兩階(jie)段電(dian)(dian)流均不宜過(guo)大，
b．恒(heng)流(liu)模式(shi)。開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)為(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)工(gong)作，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高到(dao)(dao)設定(ding)值時(shi)轉入穩壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)作，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到(dao)(dao)設定(ding)時(shi)間或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量滿時(shi)自動停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這是基(ji)本(ben)進程(cheng)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間足夠長時(shi)，基(ji)本(ben)進程(cheng)會疊加(jia)(jia)周期性的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖，疊加(jia)(jia)后(hou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c． 快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)。快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)包含三(san)個順序(xu)階段(duan)：恒(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維(wei)持(chi)。恒(heng)流(liu)段(duan)以(yi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為特征，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)容量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升至限定(ding)(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)結(jie)束(shu)，轉入(ru)(ru)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)流(liu)段(duan)可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恢(hui)復(fu)80％左(zuo)右的(de)容量。恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)則維(wei)持(chi)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)時(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小，當(dang)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)，自動轉入(ru)(ru)維(wei)持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一(yi)樣，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)足(zu)夠長(chang)時(shi)(shi)，基本(ben)進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)會疊(die)加周期性(xing)的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊(die)加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)-放(fang)(fang)-停(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)束(shu)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶容量可(ke)恢(hui)復(fu)95％以(yi)上。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)轉入(ru)(ru)維(wei)持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊(die)加停(ting)止。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)是為人工(gong)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)計的(de)功能。進(jin)入(ru)(ru)該方(fang)式(shi)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶按(an)照設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)自動停(ting)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技(ji)術(shu)性能和參數
1)額定輸入電(dian)壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定輸出功率(lv)：30 kW；
3)直流輸(shu)出電(dian)流：5-200 A；
4)直流(liu)輸出電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作模式(shi)(shi)(shi)：三(san)種，便(bian)捷充電(dian)、智能充電(dian)和自動放電(dian)。智能充電(dian)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)為三(san)種充電(dian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)，即初充方式(shi)(shi)(shi)、恒流方式(shi)(shi)(shi)和快速方式(shi)(shi)(shi)；
6)具有自檢功能；
7)具有(you)電池反接(jie)保護功(gong)能；
8)具有過(guo)(guo)流、過(guo)(guo)載、短路和超(chao)溫等保護功能；
3 結語(yu)
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電器設(she)備有限公司始(shi)建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
目(mu)前，礦(kuang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機車蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無論是恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)是先恒流再恒壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)分段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有(you)一個(ge)共同的(de)(de)(de)問題，就(jiu)是這種(zhong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)方式(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需70小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)(yi)上，進行普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也需10小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)(yi)上，這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流遠小(xiao)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，因而(er)拉長了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)浪費。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)期(qi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又(you)大于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內部溫度升高，產生(sheng)大量(liang)析氣，并形成(cheng)內部硫化結晶，大大縮短了蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循環使用壽命，甚至(zhi)有(you)可(ke)能永久性地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。這不(bu)僅造成(cheng)了浪費，也增(zeng)加了對環境的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)。同時(shi)，這種(zhong)傳(chuan)統充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用變壓(ya)(ya)器變壓(ya)(ya)整流，可(ke)控(kong)硅控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)途(tu)徑，技術落后(hou)，設(she)備(bei)笨重，可(ke)靠性也差。
美國科(ke)學(xue)家馬斯通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量試驗(yan)研(yan)究，提(ti)出了一條鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)接受的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很(hen)大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)延(yan)續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)按指數規律減小。讓(rang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按這樣一條理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲(qu)線(xian)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)，就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)最大(da)限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)率。同時，試驗(yan)表明，采用(yong)脈(mo)沖式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是消除各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象，提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)，延(yan)長蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)途徑。這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是在(zai)(zai)對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)適(shi)(shi)時暫停(ting)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適(shi)(shi)當加(jia)入放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)止時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)歐(ou)姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)消失，濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)減弱(ruo)。若(ruo)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)讓(rang)其反向放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象迅速(su)消失，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度(du)也會因(yin)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)(er)得(de)到有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板有(you)加(jia)強其韌性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)。同時，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)消失，脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可(ke)(ke)以(yi)深(shen)層(ceng)次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部的(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)，從而(er)(er)大(da)幅度(du)提(ti)高蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量。
當(dang)前，帶有自適(shi)應控制(zhi)技術的脈沖式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)已成為礦用(yong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的主要發展方向。因此，開發新一代(dai)的智能快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)不僅(jin)可以(yi)提高(gao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效(xiao)率，降低使用(yong)單位的運營成本，同時也具(ju)有節(jie)能、環保(bao)等諸方面的社會意義。
2 一種智能型全自動快速充電機
2．1 電氣(qi)原(yuan)理
充電(dian)機(ji)電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)框圖(tu)見圖(tu)1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)分(fen)為三大部分(fen)，即逆變主(zhu)通道(dao)、檢測(ce)控(kong)制單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)和對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(顯示操(cao)作單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan))。
逆變(bian)主通道將380 V交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源變(bian)換(huan)(huan)為(wei)可(ke)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)進行充(chong)電(dian)的可(ke)控直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源，由輸入回路(lu)(lu)、工頻整流(liu)濾波電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、移相(xiang)全橋(ZVT-PWM)變(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、高頻整流(liu)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)濾波電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸出回路(lu)(lu)及(ji)放(fang)電(dian)回路(lu)(lu)組成(cheng)。
輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)即供(gong)電回路(lu)(lu)，在(zai)非運行狀態時，可切(qie)斷主通道電源。輸入(ru)回路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)有軟啟動(dong)功能，避免啟動(dong)沖擊對回路(lu)(lu)元(yuan)件造成(cheng)的損傷。
工頻整流濾波電(dian)路(lu)將380 V交流電(dian)整流為約550 V的直流電(dian)，如圖2所示。
移相全橋功率(lv)變換電路是主通道(dao)的核心，完(wan)成從直流到交(jiao)流再到直流的變換。如(ru)圖3所示(shi)。通過改(gai)變橋臂IGBT控制信號的相位，來改(gai)變耦(ou)合到高頻變壓(ya)器的波形寬度，從而改(gai)變輸出給被充電池的電流、電壓(ya)值。
高(gao)頻整流(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)路將高(gao)頻變壓器副邊的高(gao)頻交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，整流(liu)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要(yao)求的平滑(hua)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)。
輸出開(kai)關電路(lu)在非(fei)充電狀態下(xia)保證(zheng)主(zhu)通道(dao)與被充電池的隔離，防止(zhi)發生反接(jie)造(zao)成的危險。
放電(dian)電(dian)路實現"充(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)"的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式，從而改善電(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效果和(he)恢復電(dian)池(chi)的(de)性能(neng)。此外(wai)，還可(ke)以對電(dian)能(neng)未消耗完的(de)待充(chong)(chong)電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行放電(dian)處理。
控制單(dan)元(yuan)接收來自對話單(dan)元(yuan)給定的參(can)數和(he)命令，并(bing)通過對主(zhu)(zhu)通道(dao)各相(xiang)關參(can)數的實時(shi)檢測，動態控制主(zhu)(zhu)通道(dao)的工作，實現要(yao)求的充電功能和(he)充電進程。同時(shi)為設備提供多種保護。
控(kong)制(zhi)單元采用(yong)最(zui)新嵌入(ru)(ru)式內(nei)核芯片ARM設計。采集模擬量(liang)為：4路溫度、輸(shu)出電流、放電電流、輸(shu)出電壓(ya)和電池電壓(ya)。控(kong)制(zhi)量(liang)為：輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)開關(guan)、軟啟動、輸(shu)出開關(guan)、輸(shu)出電容放電和ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)制(zhi)等
控制單(dan)元(yuan)與對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)之間(jian)為RS232全雙工通信。控制單(dan)元(yuan)接收來自(zi)對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)的各種控制命令(ling)，并向對(dui)話單(dan)元(yuan)實時發送(song)數據。
對話(hua)單元是整機操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)臺，接收并實現操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)各(ge)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)指令(ling)，完成(cheng)各(ge)種(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方式的(de)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)設(she)定、記憶及各(ge)種(zhong)動(dong)靜態參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)顯示。對話(hua)單元由控制芯片、LCM、參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)存儲(chu)器(qi)和操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)按鍵組成(cheng)。
當(dang)充(chong)電機進入(ru)工作(zuo)狀態時(shi)，設備首先進行自檢。自檢項目包括充(chong)電電池是否反接、主通道各(ge)部分是否正常。
自檢結果將發送給對話(hua)單元。
自檢正常時，設備處于(yu)待命狀態，準備接收由對話單元發來的各種命令(ling)及參(can)數，并按要求開(kai)始相應的工作進程。
自(zi)檢故障時，對話單元顯示故障編號，等待檢修。
2．2 工作方(fang)式(shi)
智(zhi)(zhi)能型全自動快(kuai)速充電機設計了三種(zhong)工作(zuo)方式(shi)：便(bian)捷方式(shi)、智(zhi)(zhi)能方式(shi)和放電方式(shi)。
便捷方(fang)式(shi)。一種(zhong)常規的恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)限(xian)壓定時(shi)(shi)(shi)充電工作方(fang)式(shi)，此方(fang)式(shi)工作時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充電機以設(she)定電流(liu)(liu)(liu)向負載電瓶恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電，當(dang)充電電壓達到限(xian)制電壓時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電壓不(bu)再上升(sheng)，而充電電流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸減小。當(dang)充電時(shi)(shi)(shi)間達到設(she)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)間時(shi)(shi)(shi)，充電機自動(dong)結束充電過程(cheng)。此種(zhong)模式(shi)充電，電流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)宜超過100 A，否則(ze)電瓶不(bu)易充滿，且(qie)析氣量大。
智能方式(shi)(shi)。一種針對(dui)(dui)不同規(gui)格型號的(de)電(dian)(dian)池采取不同整定參數(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)工作(zuo)方式(shi)(shi)。而對(dui)(dui)每一種電(dian)(dian)池又有三種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)，即初充(chong)模式(shi)(shi)、恒流模式(shi)(shi)和快速模式(shi)(shi)。
a．初充模(mo)式。為(wei)(wei)兩階(jie)段的(de)定電(dian)(dian)流、定時間的(de)自動充電(dian)(dian)方式。主要為(wei)(wei)新電(dian)(dian)池初充設計。此模(mo)式充電(dian)(dian)，兩階(jie)段電(dian)(dian)流均不宜過(guo)大，
b．恒(heng)流(liu)模式(shi)。開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)為(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)工(gong)作，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高到(dao)(dao)設定(ding)值時(shi)轉入穩壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)作，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間達到(dao)(dao)設定(ding)時(shi)間或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量滿時(shi)自動停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這是基(ji)本(ben)進程(cheng)。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間足夠長時(shi)，基(ji)本(ben)進程(cheng)會疊加(jia)(jia)周期性的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖，疊加(jia)(jia)后(hou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停-放-停-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c． 快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)。快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)包含三(san)個順序(xu)階段(duan)：恒(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維(wei)持(chi)。恒(heng)流(liu)段(duan)以(yi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為特征，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)容量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升至限定(ding)(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)結(jie)束(shu)，轉入(ru)(ru)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)流(liu)段(duan)可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恢(hui)復(fu)80％左(zuo)右的(de)容量。恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)則維(wei)持(chi)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)時(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小，當(dang)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)，自動轉入(ru)(ru)維(wei)持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一(yi)樣，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)足(zu)夠長(chang)時(shi)(shi)，基本(ben)進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)會疊(die)加周期性(xing)的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊(die)加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)-放(fang)(fang)-停(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)束(shu)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶容量可(ke)恢(hui)復(fu)95％以(yi)上。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)轉入(ru)(ru)維(wei)持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊(die)加停(ting)止。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)是為人工(gong)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)計的(de)功能。進(jin)入(ru)(ru)該方(fang)式(shi)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶按(an)照設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到(dao)設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)自動停(ting)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技(ji)術(shu)性能和參數
1)額定輸入電(dian)壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定輸出功率(lv)：30 kW；
3)直流輸(shu)出電(dian)流：5-200 A；
4)直流(liu)輸出電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作模式(shi)(shi)(shi)：三(san)種，便(bian)捷充電(dian)、智能充電(dian)和自動放電(dian)。智能充電(dian)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)為三(san)種充電(dian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)，即初充方式(shi)(shi)(shi)、恒流方式(shi)(shi)(shi)和快速方式(shi)(shi)(shi)；
6)具有自檢功能；
7)具有(you)電池反接(jie)保護功(gong)能；
8)具有過(guo)(guo)流、過(guo)(guo)載、短路和超(chao)溫等保護功能；
3 結語(yu)
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電器設(she)備有限公司始(shi)建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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