一種智能型全自動快速充電機的設計
2019/4/3 9:10:35??????點擊：
1 充電機的現狀
目(mu)前(qian)，礦(kuang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)車蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無論是(shi)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)是(shi)先恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)再恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有(you)一個共同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)種小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)慢(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)式(shi)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時(shi)以上，進(jin)行普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)需(xu)10小時(shi)以上，這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)初期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)遠小于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，因而(er)拉長了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費(fei)。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)后期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又大于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度升(sheng)高，產生大量(liang)析氣，并形成內部硫(liu)化結晶(jing)，大大縮短了蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循環使用(yong)壽命，甚至(zhi)有(you)可能永久性地(di)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。這(zhe)(zhe)不僅造(zao)成了浪費(fei)，也(ye)增加(jia)了對(dui)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染。同(tong)時(shi)，這(zhe)(zhe)種傳統充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)變壓器(qi)變壓整流(liu)(liu)，可控(kong)(kong)硅控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑，技術落后，設備笨重，可靠性也(ye)差。
美(mei)國科學家(jia)馬(ma)斯(si)通(tong)過(guo)對鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)大(da)量試驗(yan)研(yan)究，提(ti)出了一條鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)初(chu)期，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)延(yan)續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)按指數規律減小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按這(zhe)樣一條理(li)想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)最大(da)限度(du)的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率。同時(shi)(shi)，試驗(yan)表明，采用(yong)脈(mo)(mo)沖式的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)消(xiao)除各種極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)，提(ti)高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)，延(yan)長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)有效途徑。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)在(zai)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中適時(shi)(shi)暫停充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)適當加入放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停止時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)歐姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)消(xiao)失(shi)，濃差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)減弱(ruo)。若能(neng)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中讓其反向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)迅速消(xiao)失(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度(du)也會因放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)得(de)到(dao)有效控制。脈(mo)(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板(ban)有加強其韌性的(de)(de)效果，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命。同時(shi)(shi)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)的(de)(de)消(xiao)失(shi)，脈(mo)(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可(ke)以(yi)(yi)深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質，從(cong)而(er)大(da)幅度(du)提(ti)高(gao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有效容量。
當前(qian)，帶有(you)自適應(ying)控制技(ji)術的(de)(de)脈沖式充電(dian)機(ji)已成為礦用(yong)電(dian)機(ji)車(che)充電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)主要發展方向。因此，開發新一代的(de)(de)智能快(kuai)速充電(dian)機(ji)不(bu)僅可以提高充電(dian)效率，降低使用(yong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)運營成本，同時也具有(you)節能、環(huan)保(bao)等諸方面(mian)的(de)(de)社會意義。
2 一種智能型全自動快(kuai)速(su)充電機
2．1 電氣原理
充電機電氣原理框圖見圖1。電氣原理分為三(san)大部分，即逆(ni)變主通道、檢測控制單(dan)元和對(dui)話單(dan)元(顯示操作單(dan)元)。
逆變主通道將380 V交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源變換為可(ke)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的可(ke)控直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，由輸入回(hui)路(lu)、工頻整(zheng)流濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變換電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、高頻整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、輸出回(hui)路(lu)及放電(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)組成。
輸(shu)入(ru)回路即供電(dian)回路，在非運行狀態時，可切斷主通道電(dian)源。輸(shu)入(ru)回路設(she)計有軟啟動功能，避免啟動沖擊對回路元件(jian)造成的損傷。
工頻整流濾波電(dian)路將(jiang)380 V交(jiao)流電(dian)整流為約550 V的直流電(dian)，如圖2所示。
移相全橋(qiao)(qiao)功(gong)率變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)路是主通(tong)道(dao)的(de)核心，完(wan)成從直流(liu)(liu)到(dao)交流(liu)(liu)再到(dao)直流(liu)(liu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)。如圖3所示。通(tong)過改(gai)變(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)臂IGBT控制信號的(de)相位，來改(gai)變(bian)(bian)耦(ou)合到(dao)高(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)波形寬度，從而改(gai)變(bian)(bian)輸出給被充(chong)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)壓值。
高(gao)頻(pin)整(zheng)流(liu)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路將高(gao)頻(pin)變壓器副邊(bian)的高(gao)頻(pin)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，整(zheng)流(liu)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的平(ping)滑(hua)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
輸出開關電路在非(fei)充電狀態下保證(zheng)主通(tong)道與被(bei)充電池的隔離，防止發生(sheng)反接造成的危(wei)險(xian)。
放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路實(shi)現"充(chong)-停(ting)-放-停(ting)-充(chong)"的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，從而改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)和恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)。此外(wai)，還可以對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)未消耗(hao)完的(de)(de)待充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處理。
控制單元接收來自對話單元給定(ding)的(de)參數(shu)和(he)命令，并(bing)通過對主通道各相關參數(shu)的(de)實時檢測，動態控制主通道的(de)工作，實現要求的(de)充電(dian)功能和(he)充電(dian)進程。同時為設備提供多種保護(hu)。
控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)單元采(cai)(cai)用(yong)最新嵌入式(shi)內核芯片ARM設計。采(cai)(cai)集模擬量(liang)為(wei)：4路溫度、輸(shu)出電流(liu)(liu)、放(fang)電電流(liu)(liu)、輸(shu)出電壓和(he)電池電壓。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)：輸(shu)入開(kai)關、軟啟動、輸(shu)出開(kai)關、輸(shu)出電容(rong)放(fang)電和(he)ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)等
控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)單元(yuan)與對話(hua)單元(yuan)之間為(wei)RS232全(quan)雙工通信。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)單元(yuan)接(jie)收來自對話(hua)單元(yuan)的各種控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)命(ming)令(ling)，并向對話(hua)單元(yuan)實(shi)時發送(song)數(shu)據。
對(dui)話(hua)單元是整(zheng)機操(cao)(cao)作平臺，接(jie)收(shou)并實(shi)現操(cao)(cao)作者的各種(zhong)工作指令，完成各種(zhong)工作方式(shi)的參(can)數(shu)設定、記憶(yi)及(ji)各種(zhong)動靜態參(can)數(shu)顯示。對(dui)話(hua)單元由控制(zhi)芯片、LCM、參(can)數(shu)存(cun)儲器和操(cao)(cao)作按鍵組成。
當充(chong)電機進(jin)入工(gong)作狀態時，設備首先進(jin)行(xing)自檢。自檢項(xiang)目包括充(chong)電電池是否(fou)反接、主通道各部分是否(fou)正常(chang)。
自檢(jian)結果將發送給對話單元。
自檢正常時，設備(bei)處于待命(ming)狀態，準備(bei)接收由對話單元發來的各種命(ming)令(ling)及(ji)參數，并(bing)按(an)要求開始(shi)相應的工作進程。
自檢(jian)故障(zhang)時，對(dui)話單元顯(xian)示故障(zhang)編(bian)號，等待檢(jian)修。
2．2 工作方式
智能型全自動快速充電機(ji)設計了三種工作方(fang)(fang)式：便(bian)捷(jie)方(fang)(fang)式、智能方(fang)(fang)式和放電方(fang)(fang)式。
便捷方式(shi)。一種(zhong)常(chang)規(gui)的恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)限(xian)壓定時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)工作方式(shi)，此方式(shi)工作時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)機以設(she)定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)向負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)瓶恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，當充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)(bu)再上升，而充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)減小。當充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)達到(dao)設(she)定時(shi)間(jian)時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)機自動結束充電(dian)(dian)過程。此種(zhong)模式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)超過100 A，否則電(dian)(dian)瓶不(bu)(bu)易(yi)充滿，且析氣(qi)量大。
智能方式。一種針(zhen)對不同規格(ge)型號的(de)電(dian)(dian)池采取不同整定(ding)參數充電(dian)(dian)的(de)工作方式。而對每一種電(dian)(dian)池又有三種充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式，即初充模(mo)式、恒流模(mo)式和快速模(mo)式。
a．初(chu)充(chong)(chong)模(mo)式。為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)定(ding)電(dian)流、定(ding)時間的(de)(de)自動充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式。主要為(wei)(wei)新電(dian)池(chi)初(chu)充(chong)(chong)設(she)計(ji)。此模(mo)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，兩(liang)階(jie)(jie)段電(dian)流均不宜過大，
b．恒(heng)流(liu)模式。開始充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)為(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)工作，當電(dian)壓(ya)升高到設(she)定(ding)值時(shi)轉入穩壓(ya)工作，當充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)達到設(she)定(ding)時(shi)間(jian)或充(chong)電(dian)容量滿時(shi)自動停止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)，這是基本(ben)進程(cheng)。當充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)足夠長時(shi)，基本(ben)進程(cheng)會疊加周(zhou)期性的放(fang)電(dian)脈沖，疊加后的充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)-停-放(fang)-停-充(chong)"。
c． 快速(su)(su)模(mo)式(shi)。快速(su)(su)模(mo)式(shi)包含三個(ge)順序階段(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維(wei)持。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)以(yi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)特征，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到設(she)(she)定容量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)達(da)到設(she)(she)定值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升至限定值時(shi)(shi)(shi)結束，轉入恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恢(hui)復(fu)80％左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)則維(wei)持恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減(jian)小，當(dang)(dang)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到設(she)(she)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，自動轉入維(wei)持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。快速(su)(su)模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一樣，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)足(zu)夠長時(shi)(shi)(shi)，基(ji)本進程(cheng)(cheng)會(hui)疊加(jia)周期性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊加(jia)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)(fang)(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)結束時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)容量可恢(hui)復(fu)95％以(yi)上。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進程(cheng)(cheng)轉入維(wei)持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊加(jia)停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)。放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是為(wei)人(ren)工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。進入該方式(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)按照設(she)(she)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到設(she)(she)定值時(shi)(shi)(shi)自動停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技(ji)術(shu)性能和參數
1)額定輸入(ru)電壓(ya)：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定(ding)輸(shu)出功率(lv)：30 kW；
3)直流(liu)輸(shu)出電流(liu)：5-200 A；
4)直流輸出電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作(zuo)模式(shi)：三種(zhong)，便捷充(chong)(chong)電、智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電和自動放電。智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電模式(shi)分為三種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電方式(shi)，即初充(chong)(chong)方式(shi)、恒流(liu)方式(shi)和快速方式(shi)；
6)具(ju)有自(zi)檢功能；
7)具有電池反接保護功能；
8)具有過流、過載(zai)、短路和超溫等保護功能；
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上(shang)海施能電器設備(bei)有(you)限公司(si)始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
目(mu)前(qian)，礦(kuang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)車蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無論是(shi)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)是(shi)先恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)再恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都有(you)一個共同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)種小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)慢(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)式(shi)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時(shi)以上，進(jin)行普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)需(xu)10小時(shi)以上，這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)初期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)遠小于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，因而(er)拉長了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費(fei)。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)后期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又大于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度升(sheng)高，產生大量(liang)析氣，并形成內部硫(liu)化結晶(jing)，大大縮短了蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循環使用(yong)壽命，甚至(zhi)有(you)可能永久性地(di)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。這(zhe)(zhe)不僅造(zao)成了浪費(fei)，也(ye)增加(jia)了對(dui)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染。同(tong)時(shi)，這(zhe)(zhe)種傳統充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)變壓器(qi)變壓整流(liu)(liu)，可控(kong)(kong)硅控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑，技術落后，設備笨重，可靠性也(ye)差。
美(mei)國科學家(jia)馬(ma)斯(si)通(tong)過(guo)對鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)大(da)量試驗(yan)研(yan)究，提(ti)出了一條鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)初(chu)期，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)接受的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)延(yan)續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)按指數規律減小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按這(zhe)樣一條理(li)想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)最大(da)限度(du)的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率。同時(shi)(shi)，試驗(yan)表明，采用(yong)脈(mo)(mo)沖式的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)消(xiao)除各種極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)，提(ti)高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)，延(yan)長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)有效途徑。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)在(zai)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中適時(shi)(shi)暫停充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)適當加入放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停止時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)歐姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)消(xiao)失(shi)，濃差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)減弱(ruo)。若能(neng)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中讓其反向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)迅速消(xiao)失(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部溫度(du)也會因放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)得(de)到(dao)有效控制。脈(mo)(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)板(ban)有加強其韌性的(de)(de)效果，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命。同時(shi)(shi)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)的(de)(de)消(xiao)失(shi)，脈(mo)(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可(ke)以(yi)(yi)深層次地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質，從(cong)而(er)大(da)幅度(du)提(ti)高(gao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有效容量。
當前(qian)，帶有(you)自適應(ying)控制技(ji)術的(de)(de)脈沖式充電(dian)機(ji)已成為礦用(yong)電(dian)機(ji)車(che)充電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)主要發展方向。因此，開發新一代的(de)(de)智能快(kuai)速充電(dian)機(ji)不(bu)僅可以提高充電(dian)效率，降低使用(yong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)運營成本，同時也具有(you)節能、環(huan)保(bao)等諸方面(mian)的(de)(de)社會意義。
2 一種智能型全自動快(kuai)速(su)充電機
2．1 電氣原理
充電機電氣原理框圖見圖1。電氣原理分為三(san)大部分，即逆(ni)變主通道、檢測控制單(dan)元和對(dui)話單(dan)元(顯示操作單(dan)元)。
逆變主通道將380 V交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源變換為可(ke)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的可(ke)控直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，由輸入回(hui)路(lu)、工頻整(zheng)流濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變換電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、高頻整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、輸出回(hui)路(lu)及放電(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)組成。
輸(shu)入(ru)回路即供電(dian)回路，在非運行狀態時，可切斷主通道電(dian)源。輸(shu)入(ru)回路設(she)計有軟啟動功能，避免啟動沖擊對回路元件(jian)造成的損傷。
工頻整流濾波電(dian)路將(jiang)380 V交(jiao)流電(dian)整流為約550 V的直流電(dian)，如圖2所示。
移相全橋(qiao)(qiao)功(gong)率變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)路是主通(tong)道(dao)的(de)核心，完(wan)成從直流(liu)(liu)到(dao)交流(liu)(liu)再到(dao)直流(liu)(liu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)。如圖3所示。通(tong)過改(gai)變(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)臂IGBT控制信號的(de)相位，來改(gai)變(bian)(bian)耦(ou)合到(dao)高(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)波形寬度，從而改(gai)變(bian)(bian)輸出給被充(chong)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)、電(dian)壓值。
高(gao)頻(pin)整(zheng)流(liu)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)路將高(gao)頻(pin)變壓器副邊(bian)的高(gao)頻(pin)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，整(zheng)流(liu)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的平(ping)滑(hua)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
輸出開關電路在非(fei)充電狀態下保證(zheng)主通(tong)道與被(bei)充電池的隔離，防止發生(sheng)反接造成的危(wei)險(xian)。
放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路實(shi)現"充(chong)-停(ting)-放-停(ting)-充(chong)"的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，從而改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)和恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)。此外(wai)，還可以對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)未消耗(hao)完的(de)(de)待充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處理。
控制單元接收來自對話單元給定(ding)的(de)參數(shu)和(he)命令，并(bing)通過對主通道各相關參數(shu)的(de)實時檢測，動態控制主通道的(de)工作，實現要求的(de)充電(dian)功能和(he)充電(dian)進程。同時為設備提供多種保護(hu)。
控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)單元采(cai)(cai)用(yong)最新嵌入式(shi)內核芯片ARM設計。采(cai)(cai)集模擬量(liang)為(wei)：4路溫度、輸(shu)出電流(liu)(liu)、放(fang)電電流(liu)(liu)、輸(shu)出電壓和(he)電池電壓。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)：輸(shu)入開(kai)關、軟啟動、輸(shu)出開(kai)關、輸(shu)出電容(rong)放(fang)電和(he)ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)等
控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)單元(yuan)與對話(hua)單元(yuan)之間為(wei)RS232全(quan)雙工通信。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)單元(yuan)接(jie)收來自對話(hua)單元(yuan)的各種控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)命(ming)令(ling)，并向對話(hua)單元(yuan)實(shi)時發送(song)數(shu)據。
對(dui)話(hua)單元是整(zheng)機操(cao)(cao)作平臺，接(jie)收(shou)并實(shi)現操(cao)(cao)作者的各種(zhong)工作指令，完成各種(zhong)工作方式(shi)的參(can)數(shu)設定、記憶(yi)及(ji)各種(zhong)動靜態參(can)數(shu)顯示。對(dui)話(hua)單元由控制(zhi)芯片、LCM、參(can)數(shu)存(cun)儲器和操(cao)(cao)作按鍵組成。
當充(chong)電機進(jin)入工(gong)作狀態時，設備首先進(jin)行(xing)自檢。自檢項(xiang)目包括充(chong)電電池是否(fou)反接、主通道各部分是否(fou)正常(chang)。
自檢(jian)結果將發送給對話單元。
自檢正常時，設備(bei)處于待命(ming)狀態，準備(bei)接收由對話單元發來的各種命(ming)令(ling)及(ji)參數，并(bing)按(an)要求開始(shi)相應的工作進程。
自檢(jian)故障(zhang)時，對(dui)話單元顯(xian)示故障(zhang)編(bian)號，等待檢(jian)修。
2．2 工作方式
智能型全自動快速充電機(ji)設計了三種工作方(fang)(fang)式：便(bian)捷(jie)方(fang)(fang)式、智能方(fang)(fang)式和放電方(fang)(fang)式。
便捷方式(shi)。一種(zhong)常(chang)規(gui)的恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)限(xian)壓定時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)工作方式(shi)，此方式(shi)工作時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)機以設(she)定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)向負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)瓶恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，當充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)(bu)再上升，而充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)減小。當充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)達到(dao)設(she)定時(shi)間(jian)時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)機自動結束充電(dian)(dian)過程。此種(zhong)模式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)超過100 A，否則電(dian)(dian)瓶不(bu)(bu)易(yi)充滿，且析氣(qi)量大。
智能方式。一種針(zhen)對不同規格(ge)型號的(de)電(dian)(dian)池采取不同整定(ding)參數充電(dian)(dian)的(de)工作方式。而對每一種電(dian)(dian)池又有三種充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式，即初充模(mo)式、恒流模(mo)式和快速模(mo)式。
a．初(chu)充(chong)(chong)模(mo)式。為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)定(ding)電(dian)流、定(ding)時間的(de)(de)自動充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式。主要為(wei)(wei)新電(dian)池(chi)初(chu)充(chong)(chong)設(she)計(ji)。此模(mo)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，兩(liang)階(jie)(jie)段電(dian)流均不宜過大，
b．恒(heng)流(liu)模式。開始充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)為(wei)恒(heng)流(liu)工作，當電(dian)壓(ya)升高到設(she)定(ding)值時(shi)轉入穩壓(ya)工作，當充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)達到設(she)定(ding)時(shi)間(jian)或充(chong)電(dian)容量滿時(shi)自動停止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)，這是基本(ben)進程(cheng)。當充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)足夠長時(shi)，基本(ben)進程(cheng)會疊加周(zhou)期性的放(fang)電(dian)脈沖，疊加后的充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)-停-放(fang)-停-充(chong)"。
c． 快速(su)(su)模(mo)式(shi)。快速(su)(su)模(mo)式(shi)包含三個(ge)順序階段(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)維(wei)持。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)以(yi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)特征，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到設(she)(she)定容量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)達(da)到設(she)(she)定值或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升至限定值時(shi)(shi)(shi)結束，轉入恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)段(duan)可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)恢(hui)復(fu)80％左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)則維(wei)持恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減(jian)小，當(dang)(dang)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到設(she)(she)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，自動轉入維(wei)持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。快速(su)(su)模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一樣，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)足(zu)夠長時(shi)(shi)(shi)，基(ji)本進程(cheng)(cheng)會(hui)疊加(jia)周期性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊加(jia)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)(fang)(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)結束時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)容量可恢(hui)復(fu)95％以(yi)上。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進程(cheng)(cheng)轉入維(wei)持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊加(jia)停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)。放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)是為(wei)人(ren)工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。進入該方式(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)按照設(she)(she)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到設(she)(she)定值時(shi)(shi)(shi)自動停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技(ji)術(shu)性能和參數
1)額定輸入(ru)電壓(ya)：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定(ding)輸(shu)出功率(lv)：30 kW；
3)直流(liu)輸(shu)出電流(liu)：5-200 A；
4)直流輸出電壓：30～300 V；
5)工作(zuo)模式(shi)：三種(zhong)，便捷充(chong)(chong)電、智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電和自動放電。智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電模式(shi)分為三種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電方式(shi)，即初充(chong)(chong)方式(shi)、恒流(liu)方式(shi)和快速方式(shi)；
6)具(ju)有自(zi)檢功能；
7)具有電池反接保護功能；
8)具有過流、過載(zai)、短路和超溫等保護功能；
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上(shang)海施能電器設備(bei)有(you)限公司(si)始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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