一種智能型全自動快速充電機的設計
2019/4/3 9:10:35??????點擊：
1 充電機的現狀
目前，礦用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機車蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無(wu)論是(shi)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是(shi)先恒流(liu)再恒壓的(de)分段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都(dou)有一個(ge)共同的(de)問題，就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)式(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時(shi)以(yi)上(shang)，進行普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也需(xu)10小時(shi)以(yi)上(shang)，這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)初期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)遠(yuan)小于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受(shou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，因而(er)拉長了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)浪費。而(er)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)后(hou)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又(you)大(da)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受(shou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)溫度(du)升高，產生大(da)量析氣，并形成內部(bu)硫化結(jie)晶，大(da)大(da)縮短(duan)了(le)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環使用壽(shou)命，甚至有可(ke)能永久性(xing)地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。這(zhe)不僅造成了(le)浪費，也增加(jia)了(le)對環境的(de)污染。同時(shi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用變壓器變壓整流(liu)，可(ke)控(kong)硅控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)途(tu)徑，技術落后(hou)，設備笨重，可(ke)靠性(xing)也差(cha)。
美(mei)國科學(xue)家(jia)馬斯通過對鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量試驗研究，提(ti)出(chu)了一(yi)條(tiao)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可接(jie)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可接(jie)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸按(an)指數規(gui)律減(jian)小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按(an)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)條(tiao)理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線變化(hua)，就可以最大(da)限度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率。同(tong)時，試驗表明，采(cai)用(yong)脈(mo)沖式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)消除(chu)各(ge)種極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度，延長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)循環使用(yong)壽命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)途徑。這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)在對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)適(shi)時暫停(ting)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適(shi)當(dang)加(jia)入放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)止時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歐(ou)姆(mu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)消失，濃差極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)減(jian)弱。若能在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)讓其(qi)反向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)迅速消失，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內部(bu)溫度也會因放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而得到有效(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板有加(jia)強其(qi)韌性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果，可以大(da)大(da)提(ti)高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循環使用(yong)壽命。同(tong)時，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消失，脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可以深層次(ci)地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物質(zhi)，從而大(da)幅度提(ti)高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有效(xiao)容量。
當(dang)前(qian)，帶有自(zi)適應控制技(ji)術的脈沖式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機已成為礦用電(dian)機車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機的主要發展方向。因(yin)此，開發新一代的智(zhi)能快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機不僅可以提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效率，降(jiang)低使用單位的運營成本，同時也具有節能、環保(bao)等諸方面的社會意義(yi)。
2 一(yi)種智能型(xing)全自動快速充電(dian)機
2．1 電氣原理
充電(dian)機電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)框(kuang)圖見圖1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)分(fen)為三大部分(fen)，即逆變(bian)主通道(dao)、檢測(ce)控制單(dan)元和對話單(dan)元(顯示操作單(dan)元)。
逆變(bian)主通道將380 V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變(bian)換為(wei)可(ke)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的可(ke)控直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，由輸(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)、工頻整流(liu)(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、高頻整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸(shu)出(chu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)及放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)組成(cheng)。
輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路即(ji)供電(dian)回(hui)路，在非運行狀態時，可切斷主通道(dao)電(dian)源。輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路設(she)計有軟啟動(dong)功能(neng)，避免啟動(dong)沖擊(ji)對回(hui)路元件造成(cheng)的損傷。
工頻(pin)整流濾波電路(lu)將380 V交流電整流為(wei)約550 V的直(zhi)流電，如圖2所(suo)示。
移相(xiang)全(quan)橋功率變換電路是主通道的(de)核(he)心，完成從(cong)直(zhi)流到交流再到直(zhi)流的(de)變換。如(ru)圖3所示。通過改變橋臂IGBT控制信號的(de)相(xiang)位，來改變耦(ou)合到高頻變壓器(qi)的(de)波形寬度，從(cong)而改變輸出給(gei)被(bei)充電池的(de)電流、電壓值。
高頻(pin)整流濾波電路將高頻(pin)變壓器副邊的(de)高頻(pin)交流電，整流為電池充電要求的(de)平滑直(zhi)流電。
輸出開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)路(lu)在(zai)非(fei)充電(dian)(dian)狀態下保證主通道與被充電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的隔(ge)離(li)，防止發(fa)生反(fan)接(jie)造成的危險(xian)。
放(fang)電電路實現"充-停(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)-充"的(de)充電方式，從而改善電池(chi)的(de)充電效果(guo)和恢復電池(chi)的(de)性能(neng)。此外，還可以對電能(neng)未消耗完的(de)待充電池(chi)進行放(fang)電處理。
控制單(dan)元(yuan)接收來自對話單(dan)元(yuan)給定的參數和命令(ling)，并通(tong)(tong)過(guo)對主通(tong)(tong)道(dao)各相(xiang)關參數的實(shi)時檢測，動態控制主通(tong)(tong)道(dao)的工(gong)作，實(shi)現要求(qiu)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)功能和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)進程。同時為(wei)設備提供多種保護。
控(kong)(kong)制單元采用最(zui)新嵌入式內核(he)芯片ARM設計。采集(ji)模擬量為：4路(lu)溫度(du)、輸出(chu)電流、放電電流、輸出(chu)電壓和電池電壓。控(kong)(kong)制量為：輸入開(kai)(kai)關、軟(ruan)啟動(dong)、輸出(chu)開(kai)(kai)關、輸出(chu)電容放電和ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)(kong)制等(deng)
控制單(dan)元與對(dui)話單(dan)元之(zhi)間為RS232全雙工通信。控制單(dan)元接收來自對(dui)話單(dan)元的(de)各種控制命令，并向對(dui)話單(dan)元實(shi)時(shi)發送數據。
對話(hua)單元(yuan)是整機操作(zuo)平臺(tai)，接收并(bing)實現操作(zuo)者的(de)各(ge)(ge)種工作(zuo)指令(ling)，完成(cheng)各(ge)(ge)種工作(zuo)方式的(de)參(can)數設定、記憶及各(ge)(ge)種動靜態參(can)數顯示。對話(hua)單元(yuan)由控制芯片、LCM、參(can)數存儲器(qi)和操作(zuo)按鍵組成(cheng)。
當充電(dian)(dian)機進入(ru)工作狀態時，設備首(shou)先進行(xing)自檢。自檢項目包(bao)括充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池是否(fou)反接、主通道各部分(fen)是否(fou)正(zheng)常。
自檢結果將發送給對(dui)話單(dan)元。
自檢正(zheng)常時(shi)，設備處于(yu)待(dai)命狀態，準備接(jie)收由對話單元發來的各(ge)種命令及參數，并按(an)要求開始相應的工作進程。
自檢(jian)故(gu)障時，對話單元顯示故(gu)障編(bian)號(hao)，等待(dai)檢(jian)修(xiu)。
2．2 工作方式
智能(neng)型全自動快(kuai)速充電機設計了三種工作方式：便捷方式、智能(neng)方式和(he)放電方式。
便捷方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。一種常規的恒流限壓定時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)作方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，此方(fang)式(shi)(shi)工(gong)作時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)以設(she)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流向負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)限制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)再上升，而(er)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐(zhu)漸減小。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間達到(dao)設(she)定時(shi)(shi)間時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)自動(dong)結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。此種模式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)宜(yi)超過100 A，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶不(bu)易充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，且析氣量大。
智能方式(shi)。一種(zhong)針對不同(tong)規(gui)格(ge)型號的(de)電池采取不同(tong)整定(ding)參數充電的(de)工作(zuo)方式(shi)。而對每一種(zhong)電池又有三(san)種(zhong)充電模(mo)式(shi)，即初充模(mo)式(shi)、恒(heng)流模(mo)式(shi)和快速模(mo)式(shi)。
a．初(chu)充(chong)模(mo)式(shi)。為兩(liang)(liang)階段的定電(dian)流、定時間的自動(dong)充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)。主要(yao)為新電(dian)池初(chu)充(chong)設(she)計。此(ci)模(mo)式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)，兩(liang)(liang)階段電(dian)流均不(bu)宜過大，
b．恒(heng)流模式(shi)。開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時為恒(heng)流工作，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)到設(she)定值時轉入穩壓工作，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)達到設(she)定時間(jian)或(huo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)容量滿時自動停(ting)(ting)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這是基本進程(cheng)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)足夠長時，基本進程(cheng)會疊加周期(qi)性的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)，疊加后的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c． 快速模(mo)式(shi)。快速模(mo)式(shi)包(bao)含三(san)個順序階(jie)段(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)維持。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)段(duan)以大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)特征，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)容量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)達(da)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升至限(xian)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結束(shu)，轉入恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)段(duan)可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恢復80％左(zuo)右的(de)容量。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)段(duan)則(ze)維持恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸減小，當(dang)(dang)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，自(zi)動轉入維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。快速模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一樣(yang)，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)足(zu)夠長時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，基本進(jin)程會(hui)疊(die)(die)加周期性的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊(die)(die)加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程為(wei)(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過(guo)程結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶容量可(ke)恢復95％以上。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)程轉入維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊(die)(die)加停(ting)(ting)止。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)是為(wei)(wei)人工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)功能。進(jin)入該方(fang)式(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶按照(zhao)設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)動停(ting)(ting)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技術性(xing)能(neng)和參數
1)額定(ding)輸入電壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定輸出功率：30 kW；
3)直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出電流(liu)(liu)：5-200 A；
4)直流輸(shu)出電(dian)壓：30～300 V；
5)工作模(mo)式(shi)(shi)：三(san)種(zhong)，便捷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)、智(zhi)能充(chong)(chong)電(dian)和自動放(fang)電(dian)。智(zhi)能充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)分為三(san)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)(shi)，即初(chu)充(chong)(chong)方式(shi)(shi)、恒流方式(shi)(shi)和快速方式(shi)(shi)；
6)具(ju)有自(zi)檢功(gong)能；
7)具有電池反接保護功能；
8)具有過流、過載、短路(lu)和超溫等保護功能；
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電(dian)器設備(bei)有限公司始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
目前，礦用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機車蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，無(wu)論是(shi)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或是(shi)先恒流(liu)再恒壓的(de)分段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，都(dou)有一個(ge)共同的(de)問題，就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)方(fang)式(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)初充(chong)(chong)(chong)需(xu)70小時(shi)以(yi)上(shang)，進行普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也需(xu)10小時(shi)以(yi)上(shang)，這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)初期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)遠(yuan)小于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受(shou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，因而(er)拉長了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)浪費。而(er)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的(de)后(hou)期，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又(you)大(da)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)接(jie)受(shou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)溫度(du)升高，產生大(da)量析氣，并形成內部(bu)硫化結(jie)晶，大(da)大(da)縮短(duan)了(le)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環使用壽(shou)命，甚至有可(ke)能永久性(xing)地損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。這(zhe)不僅造成了(le)浪費，也增加(jia)了(le)對環境的(de)污染。同時(shi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用變壓器變壓整流(liu)，可(ke)控(kong)硅控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)途(tu)徑，技術落后(hou)，設備笨重，可(ke)靠性(xing)也差(cha)。
美(mei)國科學(xue)家(jia)馬斯通過對鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量試驗研究，提(ti)出(chu)了一(yi)條(tiao)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可接(jie)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初期，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可接(jie)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)。隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延續，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸按(an)指數規(gui)律減(jian)小。讓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按(an)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)條(tiao)理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線變化(hua)，就可以最大(da)限度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率。同(tong)時，試驗表明，采(cai)用(yong)脈(mo)沖式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)消除(chu)各(ge)種極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度，延長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)循環使用(yong)壽命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)途徑。這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)在對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)適(shi)時暫停(ting)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并適(shi)當(dang)加(jia)入放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)止時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歐(ou)姆(mu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)消失，濃差極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)減(jian)弱。若能在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)讓其(qi)反向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)迅速消失，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內部(bu)溫度也會因放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而得到有效(xiao)控制。脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板有加(jia)強其(qi)韌性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果，可以大(da)大(da)提(ti)高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循環使用(yong)壽命。同(tong)時，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消失，脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又可以深層次(ci)地激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物質(zhi)，從而大(da)幅度提(ti)高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有效(xiao)容量。
當(dang)前(qian)，帶有自(zi)適應控制技(ji)術的脈沖式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機已成為礦用電(dian)機車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機的主要發展方向。因(yin)此，開發新一代的智(zhi)能快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機不僅可以提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)效率，降(jiang)低使用單位的運營成本，同時也具有節能、環保(bao)等諸方面的社會意義(yi)。
2 一(yi)種智能型(xing)全自動快速充電(dian)機
2．1 電氣原理
充電(dian)機電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)框(kuang)圖見圖1。電(dian)氣原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)分(fen)為三大部分(fen)，即逆變(bian)主通道(dao)、檢測(ce)控制單(dan)元和對話單(dan)元(顯示操作單(dan)元)。
逆變(bian)主通道將380 V交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變(bian)換為(wei)可(ke)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的可(ke)控直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，由輸(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)、工頻整流(liu)(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、移相全橋(ZVT-PWM)變(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、高頻整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、輸(shu)出(chu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)及放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)組成(cheng)。
輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路即(ji)供電(dian)回(hui)路，在非運行狀態時，可切斷主通道(dao)電(dian)源。輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)回(hui)路設(she)計有軟啟動(dong)功能(neng)，避免啟動(dong)沖擊(ji)對回(hui)路元件造成(cheng)的損傷。
工頻(pin)整流濾波電路(lu)將380 V交流電整流為(wei)約550 V的直(zhi)流電，如圖2所(suo)示。
移相(xiang)全(quan)橋功率變換電路是主通道的(de)核(he)心，完成從(cong)直(zhi)流到交流再到直(zhi)流的(de)變換。如(ru)圖3所示。通過改變橋臂IGBT控制信號的(de)相(xiang)位，來改變耦(ou)合到高頻變壓器(qi)的(de)波形寬度，從(cong)而改變輸出給(gei)被(bei)充電池的(de)電流、電壓值。
高頻(pin)整流濾波電路將高頻(pin)變壓器副邊的(de)高頻(pin)交流電，整流為電池充電要求的(de)平滑直(zhi)流電。
輸出開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)路(lu)在(zai)非(fei)充電(dian)(dian)狀態下保證主通道與被充電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的隔(ge)離(li)，防止發(fa)生反(fan)接(jie)造成的危險(xian)。
放(fang)電電路實現"充-停(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)-充"的(de)充電方式，從而改善電池(chi)的(de)充電效果(guo)和恢復電池(chi)的(de)性能(neng)。此外，還可以對電能(neng)未消耗完的(de)待充電池(chi)進行放(fang)電處理。
控制單(dan)元(yuan)接收來自對話單(dan)元(yuan)給定的參數和命令(ling)，并通(tong)(tong)過(guo)對主通(tong)(tong)道(dao)各相(xiang)關參數的實(shi)時檢測，動態控制主通(tong)(tong)道(dao)的工(gong)作，實(shi)現要求(qiu)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)功能和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)進程。同時為(wei)設備提供多種保護。
控(kong)(kong)制單元采用最(zui)新嵌入式內核(he)芯片ARM設計。采集(ji)模擬量為：4路(lu)溫度(du)、輸出(chu)電流、放電電流、輸出(chu)電壓和電池電壓。控(kong)(kong)制量為：輸入開(kai)(kai)關、軟(ruan)啟動(dong)、輸出(chu)開(kai)(kai)關、輸出(chu)電容放電和ZVT-PWM變換控(kong)(kong)制等(deng)
控制單(dan)元與對(dui)話單(dan)元之(zhi)間為RS232全雙工通信。控制單(dan)元接收來自對(dui)話單(dan)元的(de)各種控制命令，并向對(dui)話單(dan)元實(shi)時(shi)發送數據。
對話(hua)單元(yuan)是整機操作(zuo)平臺(tai)，接收并(bing)實現操作(zuo)者的(de)各(ge)(ge)種工作(zuo)指令(ling)，完成(cheng)各(ge)(ge)種工作(zuo)方式的(de)參(can)數設定、記憶及各(ge)(ge)種動靜態參(can)數顯示。對話(hua)單元(yuan)由控制芯片、LCM、參(can)數存儲器(qi)和操作(zuo)按鍵組成(cheng)。
當充電(dian)(dian)機進入(ru)工作狀態時，設備首(shou)先進行(xing)自檢。自檢項目包(bao)括充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池是否(fou)反接、主通道各部分(fen)是否(fou)正(zheng)常。
自檢結果將發送給對(dui)話單(dan)元。
自檢正(zheng)常時(shi)，設備處于(yu)待(dai)命狀態，準備接(jie)收由對話單元發來的各(ge)種命令及參數，并按(an)要求開始相應的工作進程。
自檢(jian)故(gu)障時，對話單元顯示故(gu)障編(bian)號(hao)，等待(dai)檢(jian)修(xiu)。
2．2 工作方式
智能(neng)型全自動快(kuai)速充電機設計了三種工作方式：便捷方式、智能(neng)方式和(he)放電方式。
便捷方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。一種常規的恒流限壓定時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)作方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，此方(fang)式(shi)(shi)工(gong)作時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)以設(she)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流向負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)限制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)再上升，而(er)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐(zhu)漸減小。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間達到(dao)設(she)定時(shi)(shi)間時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)自動(dong)結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。此種模式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)宜(yi)超過100 A，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶不(bu)易充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，且析氣量大。
智能方式(shi)。一種(zhong)針對不同(tong)規(gui)格(ge)型號的(de)電池采取不同(tong)整定(ding)參數充電的(de)工作(zuo)方式(shi)。而對每一種(zhong)電池又有三(san)種(zhong)充電模(mo)式(shi)，即初充模(mo)式(shi)、恒(heng)流模(mo)式(shi)和快速模(mo)式(shi)。
a．初(chu)充(chong)模(mo)式(shi)。為兩(liang)(liang)階段的定電(dian)流、定時間的自動(dong)充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)。主要(yao)為新電(dian)池初(chu)充(chong)設(she)計。此(ci)模(mo)式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)，兩(liang)(liang)階段電(dian)流均不(bu)宜過大，
b．恒(heng)流模式(shi)。開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時為恒(heng)流工作，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)到設(she)定值時轉入穩壓工作，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)達到設(she)定時間(jian)或(huo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)容量滿時自動停(ting)(ting)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這是基本進程(cheng)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)足夠長時，基本進程(cheng)會疊加周期(qi)性的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)，疊加后的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)為"充(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)"。
c． 快速模(mo)式(shi)。快速模(mo)式(shi)包(bao)含三(san)個順序階(jie)段(duan)：恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)、恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)維持。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)段(duan)以大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)特征，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)容量或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)達(da)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升至限(xian)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結束(shu)，轉入恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)段(duan)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)段(duan)可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶恢復80％左(zuo)右的(de)容量。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)段(duan)則(ze)維持恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸減小，當(dang)(dang)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達(da)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，自(zi)動轉入維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程。快速模(mo)式(shi)和恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)模(mo)式(shi)一樣(yang)，當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)足(zu)夠長時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，基本進(jin)程會(hui)疊(die)(die)加周期性的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)，疊(die)(die)加后的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程為(wei)(wei)"充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)-停(ting)(ting)-放(fang)(fang)-停(ting)(ting)-充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)"。恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過(guo)程結束(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶容量可(ke)恢復95％以上。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)程轉入維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，脈沖(chong)疊(die)(die)加停(ting)(ting)止。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)是為(wei)(wei)人工對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)功能。進(jin)入該方(fang)式(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶按照(zhao)設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)到設(she)(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)動停(ting)(ting)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2．3 技術性(xing)能(neng)和參數
1)額定(ding)輸入電壓：380 VAC±10％50 Hz；
2)額定輸出功率：30 kW；
3)直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出電流(liu)(liu)：5-200 A；
4)直流輸(shu)出電(dian)壓：30～300 V；
5)工作模(mo)式(shi)(shi)：三(san)種(zhong)，便捷充(chong)(chong)電(dian)、智(zhi)能充(chong)(chong)電(dian)和自動放(fang)電(dian)。智(zhi)能充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)分為三(san)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)(shi)，即初(chu)充(chong)(chong)方式(shi)(shi)、恒流方式(shi)(shi)和快速方式(shi)(shi)；
6)具(ju)有自(zi)檢功(gong)能；
7)具有電池反接保護功能；
8)具有過流、過載、短路(lu)和超溫等保護功能；
3 結語
本設計以大功率IGBT為核心，嵌入先進的智能控制系統，在充電過程中實時檢測電池的充電情況，自動調整充電參數，實現最佳的模式控制。通過"充-停-放-停-充"的脈沖充電方式，實現了可控的去極化功能和最佳的充電工藝要求，提高了充電效率和電池的充電容量，延長了電池的使用壽命，同時設備還具有自檢及多種保護功能，有著廣闊的應用前景。上海施能電(dian)器設備(bei)有限公司始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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