關于變電站直流屏技術的分析研究
2019/6/10 14:30:31??????點擊：
直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)是(shi)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)正常(chang)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)組成，其(qi)能夠持續向變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)輸送穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，滿足了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力設備操(cao)作運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)。從實際運(yun)用(yong)(yong)情況來說，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能供應方面的(de)(de)(de)性能難(nan)以(yi)達到標準要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，制約了直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操(cao)作系統(tong)性能的(de)(de)(de)發揮。研究發現采用(yong)(yong)超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)可有(you)(you)效解決直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供應難(nan)題，經(jing)過改(gai)進(jin)后的(de)(de)(de)超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)在(zai)性能、壽(shou)命(ming)、穩定(ding)等方面都有(you)(you)了很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善(shan)，其(qi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)相比存(cun)在(zai)明顯的(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)。
直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系統(tong)簡(jian)稱“直(zhi)(zhi)流屏”，在變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站中向各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)提供穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，也是現代變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。直(zhi)(zhi)流屏技術不僅保護了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)(chang)運行(xing)，對于其他元件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)操(cao)控也起到很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護作(zuo)(zuo)用。對變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流屏存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題進行(xing)深入分析，可以保證持續性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供應，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)及相關(guan)模塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)(chang)操(cao)控創(chuang)造有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)積極引入直(zhi)(zhi)流屏技術可加快變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動化、智能(neng)化發展，提高變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站設備(bei)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體效率。
一(yi)、當前變電站直(zhi)流屏存在的問(wen)題
國內變(bian)電站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)由充電柜、充電模(mo)塊(kuai)、監控(kong)模(mo)塊(kuai)、電池(chi)組(zu)、降(jiang)壓硅(gui)鏈等結構(gou)組(zu)成，每(mei)一個模(mo)塊(kuai)都對直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源供應發揮重(zhong)要的(de)作用(yong)。從(cong)行(xing)業發展趨勢分(fen)析直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)屬于數字化調(diao)控(kong)模(mo)式下(xia)運行(xing)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)系統，對變(bian)電站(zhan)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源供應具(ju)有調(diao)控(kong)、保護、管理、監測(ce)等多方(fang)面作用(yong)。目前，變(bian)電站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術(shu)具(ju)備了(le)遠(yuan)程監測(ce)、調(diao)控(kong)等高(gao)級功能，方(fang)便了(le)值(zhi)班(ban)人員對電力系統運行(xing)的(de)調(diao)控(kong)。但(dan)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)存(cun)在的(de)一些(xie)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)也應該(gai)引起技術(shu)人員的(de)關注(zhu)，鎘鎳蓄電池(chi)、密(mi)封(feng)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)是常用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)主要問(wen)(wen)題(ti)如(ru)下(xia)：
（一）鎘鎳蓄電池直流屏
1.性(xing)能問題。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母線輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要使用大批蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)模(mo)塊，以此(ci)來(lai)維(wei)持正常的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操控。如：一(yi)般情況下(xia)，大型變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母線輸(shu)出(chu)220V，需使用200只(zhi)左右(you)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合模(mo)塊。但鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在生產(chan)處(chu)理(li)期(qi)間(jian)，廠家無法保證每只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能完全一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)，200只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合起來(lai)會產(chan)生明(ming)顯的(de)特(te)性(xing)差異。鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)在供應直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)所連接的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)，并(bing)且負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)對象相(xiang)同。這種(zhong)特(te)點導致(zhi)(zhi)局部鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)性(xing)能減弱，降低了整個蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合模(mo)塊的(de)功能。
2.壽命(ming)(ming)問(wen)題。由(you)于鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池組(zu)合材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直流(liu)屏運行時本質(zhi)上(shang)處于“浮充(chong)(chong)狀態”，此(ci)(ci)時鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命(ming)(ming)取決于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機。按照行業標(biao)準里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，廠家對鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保證命(ming)(ming)在10年(nian)以上(shang)，而具(ju)體使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記錄情況(kuang)僅有5年(nian)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間。蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流(liu)屏壽命(ming)(ming)縮短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)是由(you)94于俯沖電(dian)流(liu)超標(biao)會(hui)(hui)造成電(dian)解液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)解成氫(qing)、氧，這(zhe)是造成蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)，若采用鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流(liu)屏時未做特(te)殊(shu)處理，則很容易引(yin)起意外(wai)事故。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，直流(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命(ming)(ming)長短(duan)會(hui)(hui)受到其他方面因(yin)(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)。
3.氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)問題。變電(dian)廠(chang)鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)直流屏使用(yong)期間(jian)也(ye)會(hui)出現氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，使鎘鎳材料發生化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)生成氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘，造成極板的(de)(de)有效面(mian)積不斷減(jian)小(xiao)。為(wei)了避免氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)發生，變電(dian)站(zhan)工作人員會(hui)定期對蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)“活化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)”分(fen)析。在活化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)里需對蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)放電(dian)處理(li)，這一(yi)階段(duan)的(de)(de)操作會(hui)發生極性反(fan)轉而導致蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)報廢。另外，氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反(fan)應(ying)(ying)在破壞(huai)鎘鎳直流屏性能的(de)(de)同時，對變電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)穩定運行(xing)也(ye)會(hui)埋下(xia)安全(quan)(quan)隱患(huan)，如：若把(ba)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)完全(quan)(quan)安裝于柜(ju)內，很容(rong)易引起燒毀、爆炸等安全(quan)(quan)事故。
（二）密封鉛酸蓄電池直流屏
在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)科(ke)學技(ji)術(shu)的(de)推動(dong)下，國內變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏技(ji)術(shu)不(bu)斷發展(zhan)，許多新(xin)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產品也在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站中得到了普遍運用。基于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)不(bu)足，企業開(kai)始采(cai)用密封鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。這種(zhong)產品在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)質量、性能、價格、維護(hu)等方面均優于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。如：閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無需進行過(guo)多的(de)維護(hu)或加水處理，為變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站操作(zuo)人(ren)員提供(gong)了很(hen)大的(de)方便。但該直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏處于(yu)“全密封”狀態也引起(qi)了諸多問題(ti)，尤其是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)觀測、檢查等操作(zuo)時，維護(hu)人(ren)員難(nan)以及時更新(xin)裝置。另外，由于(yu)國內閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)術(shu)相(xiang)對落后(hou)，產品運用于(yu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站時壽命(ming)無保障，并且對于(yu)閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏的(de)運行條件十分嚴格，給變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)正常生產造(zao)成了很(hen)大的(de)困難(nan)。
二、影響閾控蓄電池壽命的(de)因素
使用壽命是(shi)制約閥控蓄電池(chi)推廣的重要因
素，各大、中、小型變電(dian)站采用(yong)這種電(dian)源裝置均會考慮使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)年限，以(yi)控制變電(dian)站的(de)運行(xing)成本。經試驗(yan)數據分析，對閥控蓄電(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)造成影響的(de)因素集中在溫度因素、放電(dian)因素、失(shi)水因素、腐蝕因素，等等。
（一）溫度(du)因素
盡管閥(fa)控蓄電(dian)池運(yun)(yun)用(yong)于變電(dian)站還存(cun)在明顯(xian)的(de)不足，但與鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)池相比已經有了很大(da)的(de)改(gai)進，對(dui)變電(dian)站直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)操作(zuo)系統的(de)運(yun)(yun)行創造了更好的(de)條件。閥(fa)控蓄電(dian)池壽(shou)(shou)命對(dui)溫(wen)度十分敏感，生產廠家(jia)要求電(dian)池運(yun)(yun)行環(huan)(huan)境溫(wen)為15℃～25℃，當環(huan)(huan)境溫(wen)度超過25℃后，每升高(gao)10℃電(dian)池壽(shou)(shou)命就要縮短一(yi)半(ban)。
（二）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池被過(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是影響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)的另(ling)一重要(yao)因素。當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池被過(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為零時，會導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部有大量的硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)被吸付(fu)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的陰極表(biao)面(mian)，形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池陰極的硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)。在陰極板上形(xing)成(cheng)的硫酸(suan)鹽越多，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的內阻越大，閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)會大大減短。
（三）腐(fu)蝕因素
板柵腐(fu)蝕是影響(xiang)蓄電池使(shi)用壽命(ming)的重要(yao)原因。在(zai)(zai)開路狀(zhuang)態下，鉛(qian)合金與(yu)活(huo)性(xing)二氧化鉛(qian)直接(jie)接(jie)觸，而且共同浸(jin)在(zai)(zai)硫酸(suan)(suan)溶(rong)液中。在(zai)(zai)過充電狀(zhuang)態下，正極(ji)由于析氧反應(ying)，水(shui)被消耗(hao)，H增(zeng)加，從而導致正極(ji)附近酸(suan)(suan)度增(zeng)高。電池的柵板就會(hui)變薄，容(rong)量降低，會(hui)縮短(duan)使(shi)用壽命(ming)。
（四(si)）浮充因素
變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站使(shi)用的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池大(da)多數都處于長(chang)期的浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)下，這(zhe)樣會造成蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的陽(yang)極極板鈍化，使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池內阻(zu)急劇(ju)增大(da)，使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的實際(ji)容量(Ah)遠遠低于其標準容量，從而導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池所能提(ti)供的實際(ji)后(hou)備供電(dian)(dian)時間大(da)大(da)縮(suo)短，減少其使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。
（五(wu)）失水(shui)因素
蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水也是影響(xiang)其使(shi)用壽命(ming)的(de)因素之一，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水會導致電(dian)解液比重增加，電(dian)池(chi)柵板的(de)腐(fu)蝕，使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)活性物質(zhi)減少(shao)，從而使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)降低而導致其使(shi)用壽命(ming)減少(shao)。當失(shi)(shi)(shi)水5.5％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)降到(dao)75％；失(shi)(shi)(shi)水達到(dao)25％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)基本(ben)消失(shi)(shi)(shi)。
三、超級(ji)電容用于(yu)直流(liu)屏(ping)的有(you)關(guan)試驗
為了證明超級電容用于(yu)變電站直流屏中(zhong)的(de)優點(dian)，列舉了幾個常見的(de)試驗案例(li)，根據(ju)試驗結果分析超級電容直流屏技術的(de)綜合性能特點(dian)。
（一）用超級電(dian)容對斷路器合閘的試驗(yan)
超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)標稱容(rong)(rong)(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用(yong)超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的試驗(yan)。試驗(yan)方法：斷(duan)(duan)開615柜合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)電(dian)源；將已充電(dian)的超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)兩出線(xian)端(duan)并接在合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)接觸器觸頭上；模(mo)擬正常(chang)方式合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)，按(an)下(xia)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)接鈕，記錄合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)次數和(he)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)壓。共合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)15次，每(mei)次都合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)成功。結(jie)果(guo)：電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)充電(dian)至10%額定電(dian)壓95時，可(ke)對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)磁機構可(ke)靠合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)大于8次，每(mei)次合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)使電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)壓下(xia)降5V。
（二）超級電容充電時間測試
超級電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)初(chu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，如不(bu)加(jia)限流電(dian)阻，相當(dang)于發生短路。生產廠家推(tui)薦(jian)使用1000W碘(dian)鎢燈(deng)作限流電(dian)阻，其冷態電(dian)阻較熱態電(dian)阻小(xiao)近(jin)10倍，符(fu)合電(dian)容(rong)電(dian)壓上(shang)升后(hou)宜(yi)減小(xiao)限流電(dian)阻的(de)(de)要求。以下試(shi)驗(yan)數據均是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢燈(deng)實測(ce)的(de)(de)數據。結果：不(bu)同的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)源對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速(su)度(du)有影響，但不(bu)管什么(me)電(dian)源電(dian)容(rong)由零伏充(chong)(chong)至額定電(dian)壓時僅(jin)需3分(fen)鐘。以后(hou)，長期浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)流在0～10mA變化。
（三）超級電容自放(fang)電測試
將超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)充(chong)至(zhi)242V后，與(yu)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)完(wan)全脫離，隔日同一時(shi)間測量電(dian)(dian)容(rong)端電(dian)(dian)壓。結果：端電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)速度(du)與(yu)是否經過浮充(chong)有關，未經浮充(chong)開始幾個小(xiao)時(shi)達(da)2～3V/h，即每(mei)小(xiao)時(shi)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)2～3V，經過浮充(chong)半小(xiao)時(shi)以后，自放電(dian)(dian)速度(du)明顯變緩(huan)，可能是電(dian)(dian)容(rong)內部電(dian)(dian)荷來不(bu)及分布均勻有關。在(zai)正常運(yun)用時(shi)，超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)處在(zai)長(chang)期浮充(chong)狀態，完(wan)全斷開負(fu)(fu)載(zai)后可維(wei)持有效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)壓達(da)3天（72小(xiao)時(shi)）。
四、超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏與蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏的性能(neng)對(dui)比
根據超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容運用于直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)的試驗結果分析，其不僅擺(bai)脫(tuo)了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)存在的不足，也顯著提升了(le)(le)變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)力系統運行的效率，為(wei)(wei)操作人員的系統控制(zhi)與改造(zao)提供了(le)(le)足夠的直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)驗證超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)的諸多優勢，本文以(yi)使用性能為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點，從故障(zhang)、壽命、維護等方(fang)面，對超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)進行綜(zong)合(he)對比。
（一）故障方(fang)面對(dui)比
變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)不(bu)管采用哪一類蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其在(zai)使用時都需要配備相應(ying)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置，這是保證蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)持續供應(ying)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)重要條件。參照(zhao)試驗結(jie)果判斷，傳統蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直流(liu)屏(ping)采用的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置的(de)故障發(fa)生率(lv)明顯高于超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流(liu)屏(ping)，不(bu)利于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)日(ri)常操(cao)作的(de)穩定運行(xing)。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置在(zai)結(jie)構方(fang)面更為(wei)簡化，對其進行(xing)改造或放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)更加便(bian)捷。
（二）壽命方面對比
當(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)結(jie)束后需(xu)要進(jin)行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)才能(neng)正常使(shi)用(yong)，長期充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)(duan)，一般要短(duan)(duan)于(yu)標(biao)準(zhun)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)的5～10年時間(jian)，限制(zhi)了(le)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏作用(yong)的穩定發揮。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏的使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)更(geng)長，這(zhe)是由于(yu)其不存在(zai)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，在(zai)生產期間(jian)限定最高充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即(ji)可(ke)滿足維護(hu)需(xu)要，有效避免了(le)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)(duan)。
（三）維護方面對比
從直流(liu)屏維護角度來看，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)日常維護工作量較大，不僅(jin)要定期(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)檢測(ce)、更新，還要對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部的(de)線(xian)路連接綜合監測(ce)，給工作人員造成(cheng)了(le)很大的(de)難度。但超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流(liu)屏用于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)無需(xu)過多的(de)維護，在安裝初期(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)直流(liu)屏裝置全面檢測(ce)達標后(hou)即可長期(qi)(qi)使用。從性能(neng)恢復(fu)來說(shuo)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)要經過幾個小(xiao)時的(de)恢復(fu)才能(neng)正常供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容僅(jin)需(xu)3～5分鐘即可復(fu)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。保持了(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)正常供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)源(yuan)操作系統是變(bian)電(dian)站正常運行的(de)基本保證(zheng)，其(qi)能(neng)夠及時(shi)將電(dian)流輸送到各(ge)個(ge)電(dian)力設備中供應使用。伴隨著社會(hui)現代(dai)化發(fa)展步伐的(de)加快(kuai)，我國變(bian)電(dian)站建設面(mian)(mian)(mian)臨(lin)著新(xin)的(de)改革(ge)優化，各(ge)種(zhong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)逐漸被(bei)其(qi)他形式的(de)裝(zhuang)置所取代(dai)，這(zhe)對于(yu)(yu)變(bian)電(dian)站未(wei)來的(de)革(ge)新(xin)發(fa)展大有幫助。超級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)是變(bian)電(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)的(de)先進技(ji)術，其(qi)在(zai)性能(neng)、維護、壽命(ming)、故障等方面(mian)(mian)(mian)都明顯優越于(yu)(yu)傳統的(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)，在(zai)電(dian)力行業中應得(de)到全面(mian)(mian)(mian)推廣(guang)使用。
直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系統(tong)簡(jian)稱“直(zhi)(zhi)流屏”，在變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站中向各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)提供穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，也是現代變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。直(zhi)(zhi)流屏技術不僅保護了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)(chang)運行(xing)，對于其他元件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)操(cao)控也起到很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護作(zuo)(zuo)用。對變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流屏存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題進行(xing)深入分析，可以保證持續性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供應，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)及相關(guan)模塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)(chang)操(cao)控創(chuang)造有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)積極引入直(zhi)(zhi)流屏技術可加快變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動化、智能(neng)化發展，提高變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站設備(bei)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體效率。
一(yi)、當前變電站直(zhi)流屏存在的問(wen)題
國內變(bian)電站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)由充電柜、充電模(mo)塊(kuai)、監控(kong)模(mo)塊(kuai)、電池(chi)組(zu)、降(jiang)壓硅(gui)鏈等結構(gou)組(zu)成，每(mei)一個模(mo)塊(kuai)都對直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源供應發揮重(zhong)要的(de)作用(yong)。從(cong)行(xing)業發展趨勢分(fen)析直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)屬于數字化調(diao)控(kong)模(mo)式下(xia)運行(xing)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)系統，對變(bian)電站(zhan)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源供應具(ju)有調(diao)控(kong)、保護、管理、監測(ce)等多方(fang)面作用(yong)。目前，變(bian)電站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術(shu)具(ju)備了(le)遠(yuan)程監測(ce)、調(diao)控(kong)等高(gao)級功能，方(fang)便了(le)值(zhi)班(ban)人員對電力系統運行(xing)的(de)調(diao)控(kong)。但(dan)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)存(cun)在的(de)一些(xie)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)也應該(gai)引起技術(shu)人員的(de)關注(zhu)，鎘鎳蓄電池(chi)、密(mi)封(feng)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)是常用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)主要問(wen)(wen)題(ti)如(ru)下(xia)：
（一）鎘鎳蓄電池直流屏
1.性(xing)能問題。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母線輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要使用大批蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)模(mo)塊，以此(ci)來(lai)維(wei)持正常的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操控。如：一(yi)般情況下(xia)，大型變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母線輸(shu)出(chu)220V，需使用200只(zhi)左右(you)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合模(mo)塊。但鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在生產(chan)處(chu)理(li)期(qi)間(jian)，廠家無法保證每只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能完全一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)，200只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合起來(lai)會產(chan)生明(ming)顯的(de)特(te)性(xing)差異。鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)在供應直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)所連接的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)，并(bing)且負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)對象相(xiang)同。這種(zhong)特(te)點導致(zhi)(zhi)局部鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)性(xing)能減弱，降低了整個蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合模(mo)塊的(de)功能。
2.壽命(ming)(ming)問(wen)題。由(you)于鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池組(zu)合材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直流(liu)屏運行時本質(zhi)上(shang)處于“浮充(chong)(chong)狀態”，此(ci)(ci)時鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命(ming)(ming)取決于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機。按照行業標(biao)準里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，廠家對鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保證命(ming)(ming)在10年(nian)以上(shang)，而具(ju)體使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記錄情況(kuang)僅有5年(nian)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間。蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流(liu)屏壽命(ming)(ming)縮短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)是由(you)94于俯沖電(dian)流(liu)超標(biao)會(hui)(hui)造成電(dian)解液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)解成氫(qing)、氧，這(zhe)是造成蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)，若采用鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流(liu)屏時未做特(te)殊(shu)處理，則很容易引(yin)起意外(wai)事故。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，直流(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命(ming)(ming)長短(duan)會(hui)(hui)受到其他方面因(yin)(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)。
3.氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)問題。變電(dian)廠(chang)鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)直流屏使用(yong)期間(jian)也(ye)會(hui)出現氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，使鎘鎳材料發生化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)生成氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘，造成極板的(de)(de)有效面(mian)積不斷減(jian)小(xiao)。為(wei)了避免氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)發生，變電(dian)站(zhan)工作人員會(hui)定期對蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)“活化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)”分(fen)析。在活化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)里需對蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)放電(dian)處理(li)，這一(yi)階段(duan)的(de)(de)操作會(hui)發生極性反(fan)轉而導致蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)報廢。另外，氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反(fan)應(ying)(ying)在破壞(huai)鎘鎳直流屏性能的(de)(de)同時，對變電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)穩定運行(xing)也(ye)會(hui)埋下(xia)安全(quan)(quan)隱患(huan)，如：若把(ba)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)完全(quan)(quan)安裝于柜(ju)內，很容(rong)易引起燒毀、爆炸等安全(quan)(quan)事故。
（二）密封鉛酸蓄電池直流屏
在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)科(ke)學技(ji)術(shu)的(de)推動(dong)下，國內變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏技(ji)術(shu)不(bu)斷發展(zhan)，許多新(xin)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產品也在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站中得到了普遍運用。基于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)不(bu)足，企業開(kai)始采(cai)用密封鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。這種(zhong)產品在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)質量、性能、價格、維護(hu)等方面均優于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。如：閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無需進行過(guo)多的(de)維護(hu)或加水處理，為變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站操作(zuo)人(ren)員提供(gong)了很(hen)大的(de)方便。但該直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏處于(yu)“全密封”狀態也引起(qi)了諸多問題(ti)，尤其是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)觀測、檢查等操作(zuo)時，維護(hu)人(ren)員難(nan)以及時更新(xin)裝置。另外，由于(yu)國內閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)術(shu)相(xiang)對落后(hou)，產品運用于(yu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站時壽命(ming)無保障，并且對于(yu)閥(fa)控蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏的(de)運行條件十分嚴格，給變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)正常生產造(zao)成了很(hen)大的(de)困難(nan)。
二、影響閾控蓄電池壽命的(de)因素
使用壽命是(shi)制約閥控蓄電池(chi)推廣的重要因
素，各大、中、小型變電(dian)站采用(yong)這種電(dian)源裝置均會考慮使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)年限，以(yi)控制變電(dian)站的(de)運行(xing)成本。經試驗(yan)數據分析，對閥控蓄電(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)造成影響的(de)因素集中在溫度因素、放電(dian)因素、失(shi)水因素、腐蝕因素，等等。
（一）溫度(du)因素
盡管閥(fa)控蓄電(dian)池運(yun)(yun)用(yong)于變電(dian)站還存(cun)在明顯(xian)的(de)不足，但與鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)池相比已經有了很大(da)的(de)改(gai)進，對(dui)變電(dian)站直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)操作(zuo)系統的(de)運(yun)(yun)行創造了更好的(de)條件。閥(fa)控蓄電(dian)池壽(shou)(shou)命對(dui)溫(wen)度十分敏感，生產廠家(jia)要求電(dian)池運(yun)(yun)行環(huan)(huan)境溫(wen)為15℃～25℃，當環(huan)(huan)境溫(wen)度超過25℃后，每升高(gao)10℃電(dian)池壽(shou)(shou)命就要縮短一(yi)半(ban)。
（二）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池被過(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是影響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)的另(ling)一重要(yao)因素。當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池被過(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為零時，會導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部有大量的硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)被吸付(fu)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的陰極表(biao)面(mian)，形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池陰極的硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)。在陰極板上形(xing)成(cheng)的硫酸(suan)鹽越多，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的內阻越大，閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)會大大減短。
（三）腐(fu)蝕因素
板柵腐(fu)蝕是影響(xiang)蓄電池使(shi)用壽命(ming)的重要(yao)原因。在(zai)(zai)開路狀(zhuang)態下，鉛(qian)合金與(yu)活(huo)性(xing)二氧化鉛(qian)直接(jie)接(jie)觸，而且共同浸(jin)在(zai)(zai)硫酸(suan)(suan)溶(rong)液中。在(zai)(zai)過充電狀(zhuang)態下，正極(ji)由于析氧反應(ying)，水(shui)被消耗(hao)，H增(zeng)加，從而導致正極(ji)附近酸(suan)(suan)度增(zeng)高。電池的柵板就會(hui)變薄，容(rong)量降低，會(hui)縮短(duan)使(shi)用壽命(ming)。
（四(si)）浮充因素
變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站使(shi)用的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池大(da)多數都處于長(chang)期的浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)下，這(zhe)樣會造成蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的陽(yang)極極板鈍化，使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池內阻(zu)急劇(ju)增大(da)，使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的實際(ji)容量(Ah)遠遠低于其標準容量，從而導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池所能提(ti)供的實際(ji)后(hou)備供電(dian)(dian)時間大(da)大(da)縮(suo)短，減少其使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。
（五(wu)）失水(shui)因素
蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水也是影響(xiang)其使(shi)用壽命(ming)的(de)因素之一，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水會導致電(dian)解液比重增加，電(dian)池(chi)柵板的(de)腐(fu)蝕，使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)活性物質(zhi)減少(shao)，從而使(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)降低而導致其使(shi)用壽命(ming)減少(shao)。當失(shi)(shi)(shi)水5.5％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)降到(dao)75％；失(shi)(shi)(shi)水達到(dao)25％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)基本(ben)消失(shi)(shi)(shi)。
三、超級(ji)電容用于(yu)直流(liu)屏(ping)的有(you)關(guan)試驗
為了證明超級電容用于(yu)變電站直流屏中(zhong)的(de)優點(dian)，列舉了幾個常見的(de)試驗案例(li)，根據(ju)試驗結果分析超級電容直流屏技術的(de)綜合性能特點(dian)。
（一）用超級電(dian)容對斷路器合閘的試驗(yan)
超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)標稱容(rong)(rong)(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用(yong)超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的試驗(yan)。試驗(yan)方法：斷(duan)(duan)開615柜合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)電(dian)源；將已充電(dian)的超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)兩出線(xian)端(duan)并接在合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)接觸器觸頭上；模(mo)擬正常(chang)方式合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)，按(an)下(xia)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)接鈕，記錄合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)次數和(he)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)壓。共合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)15次，每(mei)次都合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)成功。結(jie)果(guo)：電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)充電(dian)至10%額定電(dian)壓95時，可(ke)對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)磁機構可(ke)靠合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)大于8次，每(mei)次合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)使電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)壓下(xia)降5V。
（二）超級電容充電時間測試
超級電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)初(chu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，如不(bu)加(jia)限流電(dian)阻，相當(dang)于發生短路。生產廠家推(tui)薦(jian)使用1000W碘(dian)鎢燈(deng)作限流電(dian)阻，其冷態電(dian)阻較熱態電(dian)阻小(xiao)近(jin)10倍，符(fu)合電(dian)容(rong)電(dian)壓上(shang)升后(hou)宜(yi)減小(xiao)限流電(dian)阻的(de)(de)要求。以下試(shi)驗(yan)數據均是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢燈(deng)實測(ce)的(de)(de)數據。結果：不(bu)同的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)源對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速(su)度(du)有影響，但不(bu)管什么(me)電(dian)源電(dian)容(rong)由零伏充(chong)(chong)至額定電(dian)壓時僅(jin)需3分(fen)鐘。以后(hou)，長期浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)流在0～10mA變化。
（三）超級電容自放(fang)電測試
將超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)充(chong)至(zhi)242V后，與(yu)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)完(wan)全脫離，隔日同一時(shi)間測量電(dian)(dian)容(rong)端電(dian)(dian)壓。結果：端電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)速度(du)與(yu)是否經過浮充(chong)有關，未經浮充(chong)開始幾個小(xiao)時(shi)達(da)2～3V/h，即每(mei)小(xiao)時(shi)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)2～3V，經過浮充(chong)半小(xiao)時(shi)以后，自放電(dian)(dian)速度(du)明顯變緩(huan)，可能是電(dian)(dian)容(rong)內部電(dian)(dian)荷來不(bu)及分布均勻有關。在(zai)正常運(yun)用時(shi)，超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)處在(zai)長(chang)期浮充(chong)狀態，完(wan)全斷開負(fu)(fu)載(zai)后可維(wei)持有效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)壓達(da)3天（72小(xiao)時(shi)）。
四、超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏與蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏的性能(neng)對(dui)比
根據超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容運用于直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)的試驗結果分析，其不僅擺(bai)脫(tuo)了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)存在的不足，也顯著提升了(le)(le)變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)力系統運行的效率，為(wei)(wei)操作人員的系統控制(zhi)與改造(zao)提供了(le)(le)足夠的直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)驗證超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)的諸多優勢，本文以(yi)使用性能為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點，從故障(zhang)、壽命、維護等方(fang)面，對超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)進行綜(zong)合(he)對比。
（一）故障方(fang)面對(dui)比
變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)不(bu)管采用哪一類蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其在(zai)使用時都需要配備相應(ying)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置，這是保證蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)持續供應(ying)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)重要條件。參照(zhao)試驗結(jie)果判斷，傳統蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直流(liu)屏(ping)采用的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置的(de)故障發(fa)生率(lv)明顯高于超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流(liu)屏(ping)，不(bu)利于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)日(ri)常操(cao)作的(de)穩定運行(xing)。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置在(zai)結(jie)構方(fang)面更為(wei)簡化，對其進行(xing)改造或放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)更加便(bian)捷。
（二）壽命方面對比
當(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)結(jie)束后需(xu)要進(jin)行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)才能(neng)正常使(shi)用(yong)，長期充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)(duan)，一般要短(duan)(duan)于(yu)標(biao)準(zhun)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)的5～10年時間(jian)，限制(zhi)了(le)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏作用(yong)的穩定發揮。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏的使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)更(geng)長，這(zhe)是由于(yu)其不存在(zai)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，在(zai)生產期間(jian)限定最高充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即(ji)可(ke)滿足維護(hu)需(xu)要，有效避免了(le)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)(duan)。
（三）維護方面對比
從直流(liu)屏維護角度來看，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)日常維護工作量較大，不僅(jin)要定期(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)檢測(ce)、更新，還要對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部的(de)線(xian)路連接綜合監測(ce)，給工作人員造成(cheng)了(le)很大的(de)難度。但超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流(liu)屏用于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)無需(xu)過多的(de)維護，在安裝初期(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)直流(liu)屏裝置全面檢測(ce)達標后(hou)即可長期(qi)(qi)使用。從性能(neng)恢復(fu)來說(shuo)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)要經過幾個小(xiao)時的(de)恢復(fu)才能(neng)正常供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容僅(jin)需(xu)3～5分鐘即可復(fu)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。保持了(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)正常供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)源(yuan)操作系統是變(bian)電(dian)站正常運行的(de)基本保證(zheng)，其(qi)能(neng)夠及時(shi)將電(dian)流輸送到各(ge)個(ge)電(dian)力設備中供應使用。伴隨著社會(hui)現代(dai)化發(fa)展步伐的(de)加快(kuai)，我國變(bian)電(dian)站建設面(mian)(mian)(mian)臨(lin)著新(xin)的(de)改革(ge)優化，各(ge)種(zhong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)逐漸被(bei)其(qi)他形式的(de)裝(zhuang)置所取代(dai)，這(zhe)對于(yu)(yu)變(bian)電(dian)站未(wei)來的(de)革(ge)新(xin)發(fa)展大有幫助。超級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)是變(bian)電(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)的(de)先進技(ji)術，其(qi)在(zai)性能(neng)、維護、壽命(ming)、故障等方面(mian)(mian)(mian)都明顯優越于(yu)(yu)傳統的(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)，在(zai)電(dian)力行業中應得(de)到全面(mian)(mian)(mian)推廣(guang)使用。
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