關于變電站直流屏技術的分析研究
2019/6/10 14:30:31??????點擊：
直流屏(ping)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站正常運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)，其(qi)能夠持續向變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站輸送穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，滿足了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力設備(bei)操作運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)。從實際(ji)運用情況來說，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直流屏(ping)在使(shi)用壽命及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能供應方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能難以達到標準要求(qiu)，制約了(le)(le)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操作系統性能的(de)(de)(de)(de)發揮。研究發現采用超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直流屏(ping)可(ke)有(you)效解決直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供應難題，經過(guo)改進(jin)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直流屏(ping)在性能、壽命、穩定等方面都有(you)了(le)(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)改善(shan)，其(qi)與(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直流屏(ping)相比存(cun)在明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢。
直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)操(cao)作(zuo)系統簡稱“直流屏(ping)(ping)”，在變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)中向各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設備(bei)(bei)提供(gong)穩定(ding)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，也是現代變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)核心的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)操(cao)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。直流屏(ping)(ping)技術不(bu)僅保護(hu)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)正(zheng)常運行(xing)，對(dui)于其他元件的(de)穩定(ding)操(cao)控也起到很好(hao)的(de)保護(hu)作(zuo)用。對(dui)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直流屏(ping)(ping)存在的(de)問題(ti)進行(xing)深入(ru)分析，可以保證持續性的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)應，為電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設備(bei)(bei)及相關(guan)模塊(kuai)的(de)正(zheng)常操(cao)控創造有利的(de)條件。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業積(ji)極(ji)引(yin)入(ru)直流屏(ping)(ping)技術可加快(kuai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)自(zi)動化、智能(neng)化發(fa)展(zhan)，提高變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)設備(bei)(bei)運行(xing)的(de)整(zheng)體效(xiao)率。
一、當前(qian)變電站(zhan)直流屏存在的問題(ti)
國內(nei)變(bian)電站(zhan)采用的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)由充電柜、充電模(mo)塊(kuai)、監(jian)控模(mo)塊(kuai)、電池(chi)組、降(jiang)壓硅(gui)鏈等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)組成，每一(yi)個模(mo)塊(kuai)都(dou)對直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電源供(gong)(gong)應發(fa)揮(hui)重要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。從(cong)行業(ye)發(fa)展趨勢分析直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其屬于(yu)數字化調(diao)控模(mo)式下(xia)(xia)運行的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)系(xi)統，對變(bian)電站(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電源供(gong)(gong)應具有(you)調(diao)控、保護、管理、監(jian)測等(deng)多方面(mian)作(zuo)用。目前，變(bian)電站(zhan)采用直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)技術(shu)具備了(le)遠程監(jian)測、調(diao)控等(deng)高級功能，方便了(le)值班人(ren)員對電力系(xi)統運行的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)控。但直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)存在的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些問題(ti)也應該引起技術(shu)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注，鎘鎳(nie)蓄電池(chi)、密封(feng)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)是常用的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其主要問題(ti)如下(xia)(xia)：
（一(yi)）鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏
1.性能(neng)問題(ti)。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需(xu)要(yao)使用大批蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)模塊，以此(ci)來(lai)維持正常(chang)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源操控。如：一般情況下，大型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出220V，需(xu)使用200只(zhi)左右(you)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊。但鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在生(sheng)產處理期間，廠家(jia)無法(fa)保證每(mei)只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)完全一致，200只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合起(qi)來(lai)會產生(sheng)明顯(xian)的(de)特性差(cha)異。鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)在供(gong)應直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源后所連(lian)接的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源一致，并且負荷放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)對象相同。這(zhe)種特點(dian)導致局(ju)部鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)性能(neng)減(jian)弱(ruo)，降(jiang)低(di)了整個蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊的(de)功能(neng)。
2.壽(shou)命(ming)問題(ti)。由(you)于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合材料的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏運行(xing)時(shi)本(ben)(ben)質上(shang)處于(yu)“浮(fu)充狀(zhuang)態(tai)”，此時(shi)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)取(qu)決于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)機。按照行(xing)業(ye)標(biao)準里的(de)(de)(de)規定，廠(chang)家對鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)保證(zheng)命(ming)在(zai)10年以上(shang)，而具體使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)記錄情況僅有5年左右的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏壽(shou)命(ming)縮(suo)短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因是由(you)94于(yu)俯沖電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超標(biao)會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)解(jie)成(cheng)氫、氧，這是造成(cheng)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)炸的(de)(de)(de)根本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)因，若采(cai)用(yong)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏時(shi)未做特(te)殊處理(li)，則很容易(yi)引起意外事故(gu)。因此，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)長短(duan)會(hui)受到(dao)其他方面(mian)因素的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)。
3.氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)問(wen)題。變(bian)電廠鎘(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電池直(zhi)流(liu)屏使(shi)(shi)用期(qi)間也會出現氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)反應(ying)(ying)，使(shi)(shi)鎘(ge)鎳材(cai)料發生化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)生成氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)，造成極板的(de)(de)有效面積不斷減小。為(wei)了(le)避免(mian)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)反應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)發生，變(bian)電站(zhan)工作(zuo)(zuo)人員會定期(qi)對蓄(xu)電池進行(xing)“活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)驗”分析。在活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)驗里需對蓄(xu)電池進行(xing)充放(fang)電處理，這(zhe)一階段的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)會發生極性反轉而導致蓄(xu)電池報廢。另(ling)外(wai)，氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)反應(ying)(ying)在破(po)壞鎘(ge)鎳直(zhi)流(liu)屏性能的(de)(de)同(tong)時，對變(bian)電站(zhan)的(de)(de)穩定運行(xing)也會埋下(xia)安全隱(yin)患，如：若把蓄(xu)電池完(wan)全安裝于柜內(nei)，很容易引起燒毀、爆(bao)炸等安全事(shi)故。
（二）密封(feng)鉛酸蓄(xu)電池直流屏
在科學技術(shu)的(de)推動下，國內(nei)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)技術(shu)不斷發(fa)展，許多(duo)新的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產(chan)(chan)品也在變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站中(zhong)得到了(le)普遍運(yun)用(yong)。基于(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)存在的(de)不足，企業開始采用(yong)密封(feng)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。這種產(chan)(chan)品在質(zhi)量(liang)、性能、價格、維護(hu)(hu)等(deng)方面均優于(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。如：閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無(wu)需(xu)進行過多(duo)的(de)維護(hu)(hu)或加水(shui)處理，為變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站操作(zuo)人員提供了(le)很大(da)的(de)方便。但該直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)處于(yu)“全密封(feng)”狀態也引起了(le)諸多(duo)問題，尤其是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)觀測、檢(jian)查等(deng)操作(zuo)時，維護(hu)(hu)人員難(nan)以及時更(geng)新裝置(zhi)。另(ling)外，由于(yu)國內(nei)閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)相對落后，產(chan)(chan)品運(yun)用(yong)于(yu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站時壽命(ming)無(wu)保障，并(bing)且對于(yu)閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)的(de)運(yun)行條件十分嚴格，給變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)正常生產(chan)(chan)造成了(le)很大(da)的(de)困難(nan)。
二、影(ying)響閾控蓄電池壽(shou)命的因素
使用壽命是制約(yue)閥控蓄電池(chi)推廣的重要因
素(su)(su)(su)，各大、中(zhong)、小型變電(dian)(dian)站采(cai)用(yong)這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)裝置均會考慮使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)(de)年限，以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)變電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)運行成本。經試(shi)驗數據分(fen)析(xi)，對閥控(kong)(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)造成影響(xiang)的(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)集中(zhong)在溫度因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)、放電(dian)(dian)因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)、失水因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)、腐蝕因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)，等等。
（一）溫(wen)度因素
盡(jin)管(guan)閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)運用于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站還(huan)存在明顯的(de)不足，但與鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比已經有了很大的(de)改進，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站直流電(dian)(dian)源操(cao)作系統的(de)運行創造了更(geng)好的(de)條件(jian)。閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)對溫度十分(fen)敏(min)感，生(sheng)產廠家要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)池(chi)運行環(huan)境(jing)溫為15℃～25℃，當環(huan)境(jing)溫度超(chao)過25℃后，每升(sheng)高10℃電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)就(jiu)要(yao)縮(suo)短一半。
（二）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)被(bei)過(guo)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)是影(ying)響蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)另一(yi)重要(yao)因(yin)素。當蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)被(bei)過(guo)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)到(dao)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓為零時，會導致電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部有大(da)量的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛被(bei)吸(xi)付到(dao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)陰極(ji)表面(mian)，形成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)陰極(ji)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化。在陰極(ji)板上形成的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽越(yue)多，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)內(nei)阻越(yue)大(da)，閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用壽(shou)命(ming)會大(da)大(da)減短。
（三）腐蝕因素(su)
板柵(zha)腐蝕是影響蓄電(dian)池使用壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)重要原(yuan)因(yin)。在(zai)開路狀(zhuang)態下，鉛合金與活性二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛直接(jie)接(jie)觸，而且共同浸在(zai)硫酸溶液中。在(zai)過充電(dian)狀(zhuang)態下，正極由于析(xi)氧(yang)反應，水被消(xiao)耗，H增(zeng)加，從(cong)而導致正極附近酸度(du)增(zeng)高(gao)。電(dian)池的(de)柵(zha)板就會變(bian)薄，容(rong)量降低，會縮(suo)短使用壽(shou)命(ming)。
（四）浮充因素(su)
變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)使(shi)用的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)大(da)(da)多數都(dou)處于長期的(de)浮充(chong)電(dian)狀態(tai)下，這樣會造成蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)陽(yang)極極板(ban)鈍化，使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)內阻急劇增大(da)(da)，使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)實際(ji)容(rong)量(Ah)遠遠低于其標準容(rong)量，從而導致蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)所能提供的(de)實際(ji)后備供電(dian)時間大(da)(da)大(da)(da)縮短，減少(shao)其使(shi)用壽命。
（五）失(shi)水因素
蓄電池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水(shui)也(ye)是影響其(qi)使用壽命的因(yin)素之一，蓄電池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水(shui)會導(dao)致電解液比重(zhong)增加，電池(chi)(chi)柵板的腐蝕，使蓄電池(chi)(chi)的活性物質減(jian)(jian)少，從而(er)使蓄電池(chi)(chi)的容量(liang)降低而(er)導(dao)致其(qi)使用壽命減(jian)(jian)少。當失(shi)水(shui)5.5％時，容量(liang)降到75％；失(shi)水(shui)達到25％時，容量(liang)基本(ben)消失(shi)。
三、超級(ji)電容(rong)用于直流屏的(de)有關試驗
為(wei)了證明(ming)超級(ji)電(dian)容用于變(bian)電(dian)站直流屏中的優點，列舉了幾個常見的試(shi)驗(yan)案例，根據試(shi)驗(yan)結果分析超級(ji)電(dian)容直流屏技術(shu)的綜(zong)合性能特點。
（一）用(yong)超級電容對斷路器合閘(zha)的試驗
超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)標稱(cheng)容(rong)(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)對斷(duan)路(lu)器合(he)閘(zha)(zha)的(de)試驗。試驗方法：斷(duan)開615柜合(he)閘(zha)(zha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)兩(liang)出線端(duan)并接(jie)在合(he)閘(zha)(zha)接(jie)觸(chu)器觸(chu)頭上(shang)；模擬(ni)正常(chang)方式(shi)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)，按下合(he)閘(zha)(zha)接(jie)鈕，記錄合(he)閘(zha)(zha)次(ci)(ci)數和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。共合(he)閘(zha)(zha)15次(ci)(ci)，每次(ci)(ci)都合(he)閘(zha)(zha)成功。結(jie)果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓95時(shi)，可(ke)對CD-Ⅱ型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁機(ji)構可(ke)靠合(he)閘(zha)(zha)大于8次(ci)(ci)，每次(ci)(ci)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降5V。
（二）超級電(dian)容(rong)充電(dian)時(shi)間測(ce)試
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的初充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如不加限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，相(xiang)當于發(fa)生短路(lu)。生產廠家推薦使用1000W碘鎢(wu)燈作限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，其冷態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較熱態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小近(jin)10倍，符合電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升后宜減小限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的要求(qiu)。以下試驗數據(ju)均(jun)是串入(ru)1000W碘鎢(wu)燈實(shi)測的數據(ju)。結果：不同的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)有影響，但不管什么電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)容由零伏充(chong)至額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)僅需3分(fen)鐘(zhong)。以后，長期浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在0～10mA變化。
（三）超級電容(rong)自放電測(ce)試
將超級電(dian)容充(chong)(chong)(chong)至(zhi)242V后，與負(fu)載完(wan)(wan)全(quan)脫離，隔日(ri)同一時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間測量電(dian)容端電(dian)壓。結果：端電(dian)壓下降速(su)度(du)與是否經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)有關，未經(jing)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)開始幾個小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)達(da)2～3V/h，即每小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下降2～3V，經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)半(ban)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)后，自放電(dian)速(su)度(du)明顯變(bian)緩(huan)，可(ke)能是電(dian)容內部電(dian)荷來(lai)不及(ji)分布(bu)均勻(yun)有關。在正常運用時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，超級電(dian)容處(chu)在長期浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)狀(zhuang)態，完(wan)(wan)全(quan)斷開負(fu)載后可(ke)維持有效電(dian)壓達(da)3天（72小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）。
四、超級電(dian)容直流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)與蓄電(dian)池直流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)性能對(dui)比
根據(ju)超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)運用(yong)于直(zhi)(zhi)流屏的(de)試驗結果分析，其不僅擺脫了傳統(tong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏存在的(de)不足(zu)，也顯(xian)著提(ti)升(sheng)了變電(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)運行的(de)效率，為(wei)操(cao)作人員的(de)系統(tong)控制與(yu)改(gai)造提(ti)供了足(zu)夠的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)源。為(wei)了驗證超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏的(de)諸多優勢，本(ben)文以使用(yong)性能(neng)為(wei)重點，從故障、壽命、維護等(deng)方面，對超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏與(yu)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏進行綜合對比。
（一(yi)）故障方(fang)面對比
變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站不管采(cai)用哪(na)一類(lei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其(qi)在使用時都需要配備相應(ying)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，這(zhe)是保證蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池持(chi)續(xu)供應(ying)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的重要條件。參照試驗結(jie)果判斷，傳統蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)屏采(cai)用的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的故障發生(sheng)率明顯高于超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏，不利于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站日(ri)常操作的穩定運行。而超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置在結(jie)構方面更(geng)為簡化，對其(qi)進行改造(zao)或放電(dian)(dian)(dian)更(geng)加便捷(jie)。
（二(er)）壽命方(fang)面對比
當(dang)蓄電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)結束后需(xu)(xu)要進行充電(dian)才能正(zheng)常使用(yong)，長(chang)期充電(dian)會導致(zhi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)的使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)，一般要短(duan)于(yu)標準使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)的5～10年時間，限制了蓄電(dian)池(chi)直流屏(ping)作用(yong)的穩定發揮。而超級電(dian)容直流屏(ping)的使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)更(geng)長(chang)，這是由于(yu)其不存在過充電(dian)、過放電(dian)問題(ti)，在生產期間限定最高(gao)充電(dian)電(dian)壓即(ji)可(ke)滿足維護(hu)需(xu)(xu)要，有(you)效避免了超級電(dian)容使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)。
（三）維護方面對比(bi)
從(cong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏維(wei)(wei)護(hu)角(jiao)度(du)來看，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)日常維(wei)(wei)護(hu)工(gong)作量(liang)較大，不僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)定期(qi)對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行檢測(ce)、更新，還要(yao)(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)的(de)線路連接綜(zong)合監測(ce)，給(gei)工(gong)作人員造(zao)成了很大的(de)難(nan)度(du)。但超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)流(liu)屏用于變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站無需過多的(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)，在安裝初(chu)期(qi)對(dui)直(zhi)流(liu)屏裝置(zhi)全面(mian)檢測(ce)達標(biao)后即可長期(qi)使用。從(cong)性能恢復來說，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后要(yao)(yao)經過幾個小時的(de)恢復才能正(zheng)(zheng)常供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容僅(jin)需3～5分鐘(zhong)即可復原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。保持了變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)常供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源操作(zuo)系統是變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)正常運行的(de)(de)基(ji)本保證，其能夠及時將電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸送到(dao)各個電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備中供應使用。伴(ban)隨著(zhu)社(she)會現代化發(fa)展(zhan)步伐的(de)(de)加快，我國變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)設(she)面(mian)臨著(zhu)新的(de)(de)改革優化，各種蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)逐漸被(bei)其他形式的(de)(de)裝置所取代，這對(dui)于變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)未來的(de)(de)革新發(fa)展(zhan)大有幫(bang)助。超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)是變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)的(de)(de)先(xian)進技術，其在性能、維護、壽(shou)命、故障等方面(mian)都明(ming)顯(xian)優越于傳統的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，在電(dian)(dian)力行業中應得到(dao)全面(mian)推(tui)廣使用。
直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)操(cao)作(zuo)系統簡稱“直流屏(ping)(ping)”，在變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)中向各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設備(bei)(bei)提供(gong)穩定(ding)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，也是現代變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)核心的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)操(cao)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。直流屏(ping)(ping)技術不(bu)僅保護(hu)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)正(zheng)常運行(xing)，對(dui)于其他元件的(de)穩定(ding)操(cao)控也起到很好(hao)的(de)保護(hu)作(zuo)用。對(dui)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直流屏(ping)(ping)存在的(de)問題(ti)進行(xing)深入(ru)分析，可以保證持續性的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)應，為電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設備(bei)(bei)及相關(guan)模塊(kuai)的(de)正(zheng)常操(cao)控創造有利的(de)條件。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業積(ji)極(ji)引(yin)入(ru)直流屏(ping)(ping)技術可加快(kuai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)自(zi)動化、智能(neng)化發(fa)展(zhan)，提高變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)設備(bei)(bei)運行(xing)的(de)整(zheng)體效(xiao)率。
一、當前(qian)變電站(zhan)直流屏存在的問題(ti)
國內(nei)變(bian)電站(zhan)采用的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)由充電柜、充電模(mo)塊(kuai)、監(jian)控模(mo)塊(kuai)、電池(chi)組、降(jiang)壓硅(gui)鏈等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)組成，每一(yi)個模(mo)塊(kuai)都(dou)對直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電源供(gong)(gong)應發(fa)揮(hui)重要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。從(cong)行業(ye)發(fa)展趨勢分析直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其屬于(yu)數字化調(diao)控模(mo)式下(xia)(xia)運行的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)系(xi)統，對變(bian)電站(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電源供(gong)(gong)應具有(you)調(diao)控、保護、管理、監(jian)測等(deng)多方面(mian)作(zuo)用。目前，變(bian)電站(zhan)采用直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)技術(shu)具備了(le)遠程監(jian)測、調(diao)控等(deng)高級功能，方便了(le)值班人(ren)員對電力系(xi)統運行的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)控。但直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)存在的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些問題(ti)也應該引起技術(shu)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注，鎘鎳(nie)蓄電池(chi)、密封(feng)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)是常用的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其主要問題(ti)如下(xia)(xia)：
（一(yi)）鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏
1.性能(neng)問題(ti)。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需(xu)要(yao)使用大批蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)模塊，以此(ci)來(lai)維持正常(chang)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源操控。如：一般情況下，大型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出220V，需(xu)使用200只(zhi)左右(you)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊。但鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在生(sheng)產處理期間，廠家(jia)無法(fa)保證每(mei)只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)完全一致，200只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合起(qi)來(lai)會產生(sheng)明顯(xian)的(de)特性差(cha)異。鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)在供(gong)應直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源后所連(lian)接的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源一致，并且負荷放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)對象相同。這(zhe)種特點(dian)導致局(ju)部鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)性能(neng)減(jian)弱(ruo)，降(jiang)低(di)了整個蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊的(de)功能(neng)。
2.壽(shou)命(ming)問題(ti)。由(you)于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合材料的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏運行(xing)時(shi)本(ben)(ben)質上(shang)處于(yu)“浮(fu)充狀(zhuang)態(tai)”，此時(shi)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)取(qu)決于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)機。按照行(xing)業(ye)標(biao)準里的(de)(de)(de)規定，廠(chang)家對鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)保證(zheng)命(ming)在(zai)10年以上(shang)，而具體使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)記錄情況僅有5年左右的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏壽(shou)命(ming)縮(suo)短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因是由(you)94于(yu)俯沖電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超標(biao)會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)解(jie)成(cheng)氫、氧，這是造成(cheng)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)炸的(de)(de)(de)根本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)因，若采(cai)用(yong)鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏時(shi)未做特(te)殊處理(li)，則很容易(yi)引起意外事故(gu)。因此，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)長短(duan)會(hui)受到(dao)其他方面(mian)因素的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)。
3.氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)問(wen)題。變(bian)電廠鎘(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電池直(zhi)流(liu)屏使(shi)(shi)用期(qi)間也會出現氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)反應(ying)(ying)，使(shi)(shi)鎘(ge)鎳材(cai)料發生化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)生成氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)，造成極板的(de)(de)有效面積不斷減小。為(wei)了(le)避免(mian)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)反應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)發生，變(bian)電站(zhan)工作(zuo)(zuo)人員會定期(qi)對蓄(xu)電池進行(xing)“活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)驗”分析。在活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)驗里需對蓄(xu)電池進行(xing)充放(fang)電處理，這(zhe)一階段的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)會發生極性反轉而導致蓄(xu)電池報廢。另(ling)外(wai)，氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)反應(ying)(ying)在破(po)壞鎘(ge)鎳直(zhi)流(liu)屏性能的(de)(de)同(tong)時，對變(bian)電站(zhan)的(de)(de)穩定運行(xing)也會埋下(xia)安全隱(yin)患，如：若把蓄(xu)電池完(wan)全安裝于柜內(nei)，很容易引起燒毀、爆(bao)炸等安全事(shi)故。
（二）密封(feng)鉛酸蓄(xu)電池直流屏
在科學技術(shu)的(de)推動下，國內(nei)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)技術(shu)不斷發(fa)展，許多(duo)新的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產(chan)(chan)品也在變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站中(zhong)得到了(le)普遍運(yun)用(yong)。基于(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)存在的(de)不足，企業開始采用(yong)密封(feng)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。這種產(chan)(chan)品在質(zhi)量(liang)、性能、價格、維護(hu)(hu)等(deng)方面均優于(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。如：閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無(wu)需(xu)進行過多(duo)的(de)維護(hu)(hu)或加水(shui)處理，為變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站操作(zuo)人員提供了(le)很大(da)的(de)方便。但該直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)處于(yu)“全密封(feng)”狀態也引起了(le)諸多(duo)問題，尤其是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)觀測、檢(jian)查等(deng)操作(zuo)時，維護(hu)(hu)人員難(nan)以及時更(geng)新裝置(zhi)。另(ling)外，由于(yu)國內(nei)閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)相對落后，產(chan)(chan)品運(yun)用(yong)于(yu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站時壽命(ming)無(wu)保障，并(bing)且對于(yu)閥控(kong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)的(de)運(yun)行條件十分嚴格，給變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)正常生產(chan)(chan)造成了(le)很大(da)的(de)困難(nan)。
二、影(ying)響閾控蓄電池壽(shou)命的因素
使用壽命是制約(yue)閥控蓄電池(chi)推廣的重要因
素(su)(su)(su)，各大、中(zhong)、小型變電(dian)(dian)站采(cai)用(yong)這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)裝置均會考慮使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)(de)年限，以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)變電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)運行成本。經試(shi)驗數據分(fen)析(xi)，對閥控(kong)(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)造成影響(xiang)的(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)集中(zhong)在溫度因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)、放電(dian)(dian)因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)、失水因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)、腐蝕因(yin)素(su)(su)(su)，等等。
（一）溫(wen)度因素
盡(jin)管(guan)閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)運用于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站還(huan)存在明顯的(de)不足，但與鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比已經有了很大的(de)改進，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站直流電(dian)(dian)源操(cao)作系統的(de)運行創造了更(geng)好的(de)條件(jian)。閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)對溫度十分(fen)敏(min)感，生(sheng)產廠家要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)池(chi)運行環(huan)境(jing)溫為15℃～25℃，當環(huan)境(jing)溫度超(chao)過25℃后，每升(sheng)高10℃電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)就(jiu)要(yao)縮(suo)短一半。
（二）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)被(bei)過(guo)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)是影(ying)響蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)另一(yi)重要(yao)因(yin)素。當蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)被(bei)過(guo)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)到(dao)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓為零時，會導致電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部有大(da)量的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛被(bei)吸(xi)付到(dao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)陰極(ji)表面(mian)，形成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)陰極(ji)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化。在陰極(ji)板上形成的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽越(yue)多，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)內(nei)阻越(yue)大(da)，閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用壽(shou)命(ming)會大(da)大(da)減短。
（三）腐蝕因素(su)
板柵(zha)腐蝕是影響蓄電(dian)池使用壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)重要原(yuan)因(yin)。在(zai)開路狀(zhuang)態下，鉛合金與活性二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛直接(jie)接(jie)觸，而且共同浸在(zai)硫酸溶液中。在(zai)過充電(dian)狀(zhuang)態下，正極由于析(xi)氧(yang)反應，水被消(xiao)耗，H增(zeng)加，從(cong)而導致正極附近酸度(du)增(zeng)高(gao)。電(dian)池的(de)柵(zha)板就會變(bian)薄，容(rong)量降低，會縮(suo)短使用壽(shou)命(ming)。
（四）浮充因素(su)
變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)使(shi)用的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)大(da)(da)多數都(dou)處于長期的(de)浮充(chong)電(dian)狀態(tai)下，這樣會造成蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)陽(yang)極極板(ban)鈍化，使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)內阻急劇增大(da)(da)，使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)實際(ji)容(rong)量(Ah)遠遠低于其標準容(rong)量，從而導致蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)所能提供的(de)實際(ji)后備供電(dian)時間大(da)(da)大(da)(da)縮短，減少(shao)其使(shi)用壽命。
（五）失(shi)水因素
蓄電池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水(shui)也(ye)是影響其(qi)使用壽命的因(yin)素之一，蓄電池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水(shui)會導(dao)致電解液比重(zhong)增加，電池(chi)(chi)柵板的腐蝕，使蓄電池(chi)(chi)的活性物質減(jian)(jian)少，從而(er)使蓄電池(chi)(chi)的容量(liang)降低而(er)導(dao)致其(qi)使用壽命減(jian)(jian)少。當失(shi)水(shui)5.5％時，容量(liang)降到75％；失(shi)水(shui)達到25％時，容量(liang)基本(ben)消失(shi)。
三、超級(ji)電容(rong)用于直流屏的(de)有關試驗
為(wei)了證明(ming)超級(ji)電(dian)容用于變(bian)電(dian)站直流屏中的優點，列舉了幾個常見的試(shi)驗(yan)案例，根據試(shi)驗(yan)結果分析超級(ji)電(dian)容直流屏技術(shu)的綜(zong)合性能特點。
（一）用(yong)超級電容對斷路器合閘(zha)的試驗
超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)標稱(cheng)容(rong)(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)對斷(duan)路(lu)器合(he)閘(zha)(zha)的(de)試驗。試驗方法：斷(duan)開615柜合(he)閘(zha)(zha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)兩(liang)出線端(duan)并接(jie)在合(he)閘(zha)(zha)接(jie)觸(chu)器觸(chu)頭上(shang)；模擬(ni)正常(chang)方式(shi)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)，按下合(he)閘(zha)(zha)接(jie)鈕，記錄合(he)閘(zha)(zha)次(ci)(ci)數和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。共合(he)閘(zha)(zha)15次(ci)(ci)，每次(ci)(ci)都合(he)閘(zha)(zha)成功。結(jie)果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓95時(shi)，可(ke)對CD-Ⅱ型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁機(ji)構可(ke)靠合(he)閘(zha)(zha)大于8次(ci)(ci)，每次(ci)(ci)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降5V。
（二）超級電(dian)容(rong)充電(dian)時(shi)間測(ce)試
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的初充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如不加限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，相(xiang)當于發(fa)生短路(lu)。生產廠家推薦使用1000W碘鎢(wu)燈作限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，其冷態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較熱態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小近(jin)10倍，符合電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升后宜減小限(xian)(xian)(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的要求(qiu)。以下試驗數據(ju)均(jun)是串入(ru)1000W碘鎢(wu)燈實(shi)測的數據(ju)。結果：不同的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)有影響，但不管什么電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)容由零伏充(chong)至額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)僅需3分(fen)鐘(zhong)。以后，長期浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在0～10mA變化。
（三）超級電容(rong)自放電測(ce)試
將超級電(dian)容充(chong)(chong)(chong)至(zhi)242V后，與負(fu)載完(wan)(wan)全(quan)脫離，隔日(ri)同一時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間測量電(dian)容端電(dian)壓。結果：端電(dian)壓下降速(su)度(du)與是否經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)有關，未經(jing)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)開始幾個小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)達(da)2～3V/h，即每小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下降2～3V，經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)半(ban)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)后，自放電(dian)速(su)度(du)明顯變(bian)緩(huan)，可(ke)能是電(dian)容內部電(dian)荷來(lai)不及(ji)分布(bu)均勻(yun)有關。在正常運用時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，超級電(dian)容處(chu)在長期浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)狀(zhuang)態，完(wan)(wan)全(quan)斷開負(fu)載后可(ke)維持有效電(dian)壓達(da)3天（72小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）。
四、超級電(dian)容直流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)與蓄電(dian)池直流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)性能對(dui)比
根據(ju)超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)運用(yong)于直(zhi)(zhi)流屏的(de)試驗結果分析，其不僅擺脫了傳統(tong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏存在的(de)不足(zu)，也顯(xian)著提(ti)升(sheng)了變電(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)運行的(de)效率，為(wei)操(cao)作人員的(de)系統(tong)控制與(yu)改(gai)造提(ti)供了足(zu)夠的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)源。為(wei)了驗證超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏的(de)諸多優勢，本(ben)文以使用(yong)性能(neng)為(wei)重點，從故障、壽命、維護等(deng)方面，對超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏與(yu)蓄電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏進行綜合對比。
（一(yi)）故障方(fang)面對比
變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站不管采(cai)用哪(na)一類(lei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其(qi)在使用時都需要配備相應(ying)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，這(zhe)是保證蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池持(chi)續(xu)供應(ying)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的重要條件。參照試驗結(jie)果判斷，傳統蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)屏采(cai)用的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的故障發生(sheng)率明顯高于超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏，不利于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站日(ri)常操作的穩定運行。而超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置在結(jie)構方面更(geng)為簡化，對其(qi)進行改造(zao)或放電(dian)(dian)(dian)更(geng)加便捷(jie)。
（二(er)）壽命方(fang)面對比
當(dang)蓄電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)結束后需(xu)(xu)要進行充電(dian)才能正(zheng)常使用(yong)，長(chang)期充電(dian)會導致(zhi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)的使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)，一般要短(duan)于(yu)標準使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)的5～10年時間，限制了蓄電(dian)池(chi)直流屏(ping)作用(yong)的穩定發揮。而超級電(dian)容直流屏(ping)的使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)更(geng)長(chang)，這是由于(yu)其不存在過充電(dian)、過放電(dian)問題(ti)，在生產期間限定最高(gao)充電(dian)電(dian)壓即(ji)可(ke)滿足維護(hu)需(xu)(xu)要，有(you)效避免了超級電(dian)容使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)減短(duan)。
（三）維護方面對比(bi)
從(cong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏維(wei)(wei)護(hu)角(jiao)度(du)來看，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)日常維(wei)(wei)護(hu)工(gong)作量(liang)較大，不僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)定期(qi)對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行檢測(ce)、更新，還要(yao)(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)的(de)線路連接綜(zong)合監測(ce)，給(gei)工(gong)作人員造(zao)成了很大的(de)難(nan)度(du)。但超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)流(liu)屏用于變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站無需過多的(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)，在安裝初(chu)期(qi)對(dui)直(zhi)流(liu)屏裝置(zhi)全面(mian)檢測(ce)達標(biao)后即可長期(qi)使用。從(cong)性能恢復來說，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后要(yao)(yao)經過幾個小時的(de)恢復才能正(zheng)(zheng)常供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容僅(jin)需3～5分鐘(zhong)即可復原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。保持了變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)常供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源操作(zuo)系統是變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)正常運行的(de)(de)基(ji)本保證，其能夠及時將電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸送到(dao)各個電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備中供應使用。伴(ban)隨著(zhu)社(she)會現代化發(fa)展(zhan)步伐的(de)(de)加快，我國變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)設(she)面(mian)臨著(zhu)新的(de)(de)改革優化，各種蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)逐漸被(bei)其他形式的(de)(de)裝置所取代，這對(dui)于變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)未來的(de)(de)革新發(fa)展(zhan)大有幫(bang)助。超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)是變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)的(de)(de)先(xian)進技術，其在性能、維護、壽(shou)命、故障等方面(mian)都明(ming)顯(xian)優越于傳統的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，在電(dian)(dian)力行業中應得到(dao)全面(mian)推(tui)廣使用。
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