關于變電站直流屏技術的分析研究
2019/6/10 14:30:31??????點擊：
直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏是變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)正常運(yun)行的(de)重(zhong)要組(zu)成，其能(neng)(neng)夠持(chi)續(xu)向變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)輸(shu)送穩定的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源，滿足了電(dian)(dian)力設備操作(zuo)運(yun)行的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需(xu)求。從實際運(yun)用(yong)情況來說，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏在使用(yong)壽命(ming)及電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)供(gong)應方面的(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)難以達(da)到(dao)標(biao)準要求，制約了直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源操作(zuo)系統(tong)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)發揮。研究發現采用(yong)超級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏可有效解(jie)決直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)應難題(ti)，經過改進后的(de)超級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏在性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、壽命(ming)、穩定等方面都(dou)有了很大的(de)改善(shan)，其與(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏相比(bi)存在明顯(xian)的(de)優(you)勢。
直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源操作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統簡稱“直(zhi)流屏”，在(zai)(zai)變電(dian)(dian)站中向各種電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備(bei)提供(gong)(gong)穩定的直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源，也是現代(dai)變電(dian)(dian)站核心(xin)的電(dian)(dian)力操作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)源。直(zhi)流屏技(ji)術不僅保護了電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的正常(chang)運行，對(dui)于其(qi)他元件的穩定操控也起(qi)到(dao)很(hen)好的保護作(zuo)(zuo)用。對(dui)變電(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)流屏存在(zai)(zai)的問(wen)題進行深入(ru)分析(xi)，可以保證持(chi)續性的直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)應，為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備(bei)及相關模塊(kuai)的正常(chang)操控創造有利(li)的條件。電(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)積極引入(ru)直(zhi)流屏技(ji)術可加(jia)快變電(dian)(dian)站的自動化(hua)、智能化(hua)發(fa)展，提高變電(dian)(dian)站設(she)備(bei)運行的整體效率。
一、當前變電(dian)站直流屏(ping)存(cun)在的問題(ti)
國內(nei)變(bian)電(dian)站采用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)屏由充電(dian)柜、充電(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)、監(jian)控(kong)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)、電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)、降壓(ya)硅鏈等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構組(zu)成，每一(yi)個(ge)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)都(dou)對直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)發揮重要的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。從(cong)行業發展趨勢分析直流(liu)(liu)屏，其屬于數字化調控(kong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)下運行的(de)直流(liu)(liu)系統，對變(bian)電(dian)站直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)具(ju)有調控(kong)、保(bao)護、管理(li)、監(jian)測(ce)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)方(fang)面作(zuo)用(yong)。目前，變(bian)電(dian)站采用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)屏技術(shu)具(ju)備了遠(yuan)程監(jian)測(ce)、調控(kong)等(deng)(deng)高級功(gong)能，方(fang)便了值班人員對電(dian)力(li)系統運行的(de)調控(kong)。但直流(liu)(liu)屏存在的(de)一(yi)些問(wen)題(ti)也應(ying)(ying)該引(yin)起技術(shu)人員的(de)關注(zhu)，鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)池(chi)、密封鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)是常(chang)用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)屏，其主要問(wen)題(ti)如下：
（一）鎘鎳蓄電(dian)池直流屏
1.性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)問題。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母(mu)線(xian)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)需要使用(yong)大(da)批蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)模塊(kuai)，以此來維(wei)持正常的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操控。如(ru)：一般情況(kuang)下，大(da)型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母(mu)線(xian)輸出(chu)220V，需使用(yong)200只左(zuo)右的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組合(he)模塊(kuai)。但鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)生產處理期間，廠家無法保證每只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)完全一致，200只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組合(he)起來會產生明顯的(de)(de)特性(xing)(xing)差(cha)異。鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)在(zai)供應直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后(hou)所連接的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一致，并且負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)對象相同。這種特點導致局部鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)減弱，降(jiang)低了整(zheng)個蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組合(he)模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)。
2.壽(shou)命問題。由于鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合(he)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)流屏(ping)運行時(shi)本質上處于“浮充(chong)狀態”，此時(shi)鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流屏(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命取(qu)決于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。按照行業(ye)標準里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，廠(chang)家對鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證命在10年(nian)(nian)以上，而(er)具(ju)體(ti)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記錄情(qing)況僅有5年(nian)(nian)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流屏(ping)壽(shou)命縮短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因是(shi)由94于俯沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流超(chao)標會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)解成氫、氧，這是(shi)造成蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原因，若采用(yong)(yong)鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流屏(ping)時(shi)未做特殊處理(li)，則很容易引起意(yi)外事故。因此，直(zhi)流屏(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命長短(duan)會受到其他方(fang)面因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。
3.氧(yang)化(hua)問題。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)廠鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流屏使用期(qi)間也(ye)(ye)會(hui)出現氧(yang)化(hua)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應，使鎘(ge)(ge)鎳材料發生化(hua)學反(fan)應生成氧(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)(ge)，造成極(ji)板的(de)有(you)效面積不斷減小。為了避免氧(yang)化(hua)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應的(de)發生，變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站工作人員會(hui)定期(qi)對蓄電(dian)(dian)池進行“活化(hua)試(shi)驗”分(fen)析。在(zai)活化(hua)試(shi)驗里需對蓄電(dian)(dian)池進行充放電(dian)(dian)處理(li)，這一(yi)階段的(de)操(cao)作會(hui)發生極(ji)性反(fan)轉而導致蓄電(dian)(dian)池報廢。另外，氧(yang)化(hua)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應在(zai)破(po)壞鎘(ge)(ge)鎳直(zhi)流屏性能的(de)同時，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)穩定運行也(ye)(ye)會(hui)埋下(xia)安(an)全(quan)隱患，如：若把蓄電(dian)(dian)池完全(quan)安(an)裝于柜內(nei)，很容易引起燒毀、爆炸等安(an)全(quan)事故(gu)。
（二）密(mi)封鉛酸蓄電(dian)池直流屏
在(zai)(zai)科(ke)學技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推動(dong)下，國內變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術(shu)不斷(duan)發展，許多新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產(chan)品(pin)也在(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中得到(dao)了普遍運(yun)用(yong)。基于(yu)(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不足，企(qi)業(ye)開(kai)始采用(yong)密(mi)封鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)”。這種產(chan)品(pin)在(zai)(zai)質量、性能、價格(ge)、維護(hu)(hu)等方(fang)面均優于(yu)(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。如：閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)無需(xu)進行過多的(de)(de)(de)(de)維護(hu)(hu)或(huo)加(jia)水處理，為變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)操作人員提供了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)便。但(dan)該直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)處于(yu)(yu)“全密(mi)封”狀態(tai)也引(yin)起(qi)了諸多問題，尤其是(shi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)觀測、檢查等操作時，維護(hu)(hu)人員難以及時更新(xin)裝置。另(ling)外，由于(yu)(yu)國內閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)相對落后，產(chan)品(pin)運(yun)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)時壽命無保障，并(bing)且對于(yu)(yu)閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行條件十分嚴格(ge)，給變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常生(sheng)產(chan)造成(cheng)了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)難。
二(er)、影響閾控蓄電池壽命的因(yin)素
使用(yong)壽命是制約閥控蓄(xu)電池推(tui)廣的重要因
素(su)，各大、中(zhong)、小(xiao)型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站采用這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)裝置均會考慮使用壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)年(nian)限，以控制變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)運行成本(ben)。經試驗數據分析，對閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽(shou)命(ming)造成影響(xiang)的(de)因(yin)素(su)集中(zhong)在溫(wen)度因(yin)素(su)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)因(yin)素(su)、失水因(yin)素(su)、腐蝕因(yin)素(su)，等等。
（一(yi)）溫度因素
盡管(guan)閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池運用于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)還(huan)存在明顯的不足，但與鎘(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池相(xiang)比(bi)已經(jing)有了(le)很(hen)大(da)的改進，對變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操(cao)作系統的運行(xing)創造了(le)更好的條件(jian)。閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命對溫度(du)(du)十分敏感，生(sheng)產廠家要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)池運行(xing)環境溫為15℃～25℃，當環境溫度(du)(du)超過25℃后，每(mei)升高10℃電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命就要(yao)縮短一半。
（二）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)被過度(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是影(ying)響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使(shi)(shi)用壽命(ming)的另一重要因素(su)。當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)被過度(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為零時，會導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內部有(you)大量的硫酸鉛被吸付到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的陰(yin)極(ji)表面，形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)陰(yin)極(ji)的硫酸鹽化。在陰(yin)極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)形成的硫酸鹽越多，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的內阻越大，閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的使(shi)(shi)用壽命(ming)會大大減短。
（三）腐蝕因(yin)素
板(ban)柵腐蝕(shi)是影響蓄電(dian)池使用(yong)壽命(ming)的重要原因。在開路(lu)狀態(tai)下，鉛(qian)合金與活性二氧(yang)(yang)化鉛(qian)直接接觸，而(er)且共同浸在硫酸(suan)溶液中。在過充電(dian)狀態(tai)下，正極由于(yu)析氧(yang)(yang)反(fan)應，水被消耗，H增(zeng)加，從(cong)而(er)導致(zhi)正極附近(jin)酸(suan)度增(zeng)高。電(dian)池的柵板(ban)就會變(bian)薄，容量降低，會縮短使用(yong)壽命(ming)。
（四）浮充因素
變電站使用的蓄(xu)(xu)電池大(da)多數都(dou)處(chu)于長期的浮充(chong)電狀態下，這樣(yang)會(hui)造成蓄(xu)(xu)電池的陽極(ji)極(ji)板鈍化，使蓄(xu)(xu)電池內阻(zu)急劇增大(da)，使蓄(xu)(xu)電池的實(shi)際容(rong)量(Ah)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)低于其標準容(rong)量，從而(er)導(dao)致蓄(xu)(xu)電池所能提供的實(shi)際后備供電時間大(da)大(da)縮短，減少其使用壽命。
（五）失水(shui)因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)池失水(shui)也(ye)是影響其使用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)之(zhi)一，蓄電(dian)(dian)池失水(shui)會導致電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液比(bi)重增加，電(dian)(dian)池柵(zha)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕，使蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性物(wu)質減少，從而使蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容量降低而導致其使用(yong)壽命(ming)減少。當(dang)失水(shui)5.5％時，容量降到75％；失水(shui)達到25％時，容量基本消失。
三、超級(ji)電容用于直流屏的(de)有(you)關試驗
為了證明超級電容(rong)用于變電站(zhan)直(zhi)流屏中(zhong)的(de)(de)優點，列(lie)舉了幾個(ge)常見的(de)(de)試(shi)驗案例(li)，根據試(shi)驗結果分析超級電容(rong)直(zhi)流屏技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)綜合性能特(te)點。
（一(yi)）用(yong)超級(ji)電容對斷(duan)路器合(he)閘的試驗
超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)標稱容(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)對斷路器合(he)(he)閘(zha)的試驗。試驗方法(fa)：斷開615柜合(he)(he)閘(zha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)兩出線端(duan)并接在合(he)(he)閘(zha)接觸(chu)器觸(chu)頭上；模擬正常(chang)方式合(he)(he)閘(zha)，按下合(he)(he)閘(zha)接鈕，記(ji)錄合(he)(he)閘(zha)次數和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。共合(he)(he)閘(zha)15次，每(mei)次都合(he)(he)閘(zha)成功(gong)。結果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓95時，可對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁機構(gou)可靠合(he)(he)閘(zha)大于8次，每(mei)次合(he)(he)閘(zha)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降5V。
（二）超級電(dian)容充電(dian)時(shi)間測(ce)試(shi)
超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)的初充電(dian)，如不(bu)加限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)阻，相當于發生短(duan)路。生產廠(chang)家推薦使用(yong)1000W碘(dian)鎢燈作限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)阻，其冷態電(dian)阻較熱態電(dian)阻小(xiao)近10倍，符合電(dian)容(rong)(rong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升后宜減小(xiao)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)阻的要求。以下試驗數據均(jun)是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢燈實測的數據。結果(guo)：不(bu)同(tong)的充電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)對充電(dian)速度有影響，但不(bu)管(guan)什么電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)由零(ling)伏充至額定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時僅需3分鐘。以后，長(chang)期浮充電(dian)流(liu)(liu)在0～10mA變化。
（三(san)）超級電容自放電測試
將超級電(dian)容充至242V后(hou)，與負載完全(quan)脫離，隔日同一時(shi)間(jian)測量電(dian)容端電(dian)壓。結果(guo)：端電(dian)壓下降(jiang)速(su)度(du)與是否(fou)經過(guo)浮(fu)充有關，未(wei)經浮(fu)充開始幾個小(xiao)時(shi)達2～3V/h，即每(mei)小(xiao)時(shi)下降(jiang)2～3V，經過(guo)浮(fu)充半小(xiao)時(shi)以后(hou)，自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)速(su)度(du)明顯(xian)變緩，可(ke)能是電(dian)容內部(bu)電(dian)荷來不及分布均勻有關。在(zai)正常運用時(shi)，超級電(dian)容處在(zai)長期浮(fu)充狀態，完全(quan)斷開負載后(hou)可(ke)維持有效電(dian)壓達3天（72小(xiao)時(shi)）。
四、超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)容直流屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏(ping)的(de)性能(neng)對比
根(gen)據超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容運用(yong)于直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的試驗結果(guo)分析(xi)，其不僅擺(bai)脫了傳(chuan)統蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)存在的不足(zu)，也顯著提(ti)(ti)升了變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統運行(xing)的效率，為(wei)(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)人員的系統控制與(yu)改(gai)造提(ti)(ti)供了足(zu)夠的直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。為(wei)(wei)了驗證超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的諸多優(you)勢，本(ben)文(wen)以(yi)使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)能為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點(dian)，從故障、壽命、維(wei)護等方面(mian)，對(dui)(dui)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)與(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)進行(xing)綜合(he)對(dui)(dui)比。
（一）故障方(fang)面對比
變電(dian)(dian)站不(bu)管采用(yong)哪一(yi)類蓄電(dian)(dian)池，其在使用(yong)時都需要配(pei)備相應的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，這是(shi)保證蓄電(dian)(dian)池持續供應直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)重要條件。參照(zhao)試驗結(jie)果判斷，傳統(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)屏采用(yong)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)發生率明顯高于超級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)流(liu)屏，不(bu)利于變電(dian)(dian)站日常操作的(de)(de)穩定運行。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)容放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置在結(jie)構方面更為簡化，對其進行改造(zao)或(huo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)更加(jia)便捷。
（二）壽命方面(mian)對比
當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)結(jie)束后需要進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)才能正常使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，長期充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)導致(zhi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短，一般要短于(yu)標準(zhun)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)的5～10年時間(jian)，限(xian)(xian)制了(le)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的穩(wen)定(ding)發揮。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏的使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)更長，這是由于(yu)其不存(cun)在(zai)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，在(zai)生產期間(jian)限(xian)(xian)定(ding)最高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即可滿足維護需要，有效(xiao)避免(mian)了(le)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短。
（三(san)）維(wei)護方面對比
從(cong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏維護角(jiao)度來看，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的日(ri)常(chang)維護工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量(liang)較大(da)，不僅要定期(qi)(qi)對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行檢(jian)測、更新，還要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部的線路連接(jie)綜(zong)合監測，給工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人員造成(cheng)了(le)很大(da)的難度。但超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏用(yong)于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)無(wu)需(xu)過多的維護，在安裝初期(qi)(qi)對直(zhi)流(liu)屏裝置全面檢(jian)測達標后即可(ke)長期(qi)(qi)使用(yong)。從(cong)性能(neng)(neng)恢復來說，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后要經過幾個小(xiao)時的恢復才能(neng)(neng)正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)僅需(xu)3～5分(fen)鐘(zhong)即可(ke)復原電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。保持了(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五、結論(lun)
直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操作系統是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)正常(chang)運行(xing)的(de)(de)基本保(bao)證(zheng)，其(qi)能夠(gou)及時將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流輸送到各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)備中供應使用(yong)。伴隨著(zhu)社(she)會現代化(hua)發(fa)展步伐的(de)(de)加(jia)快(kuai)，我國變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建設(she)面(mian)臨著(zhu)新的(de)(de)改革(ge)優化(hua)，各種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)逐(zhu)漸被其(qi)他形式的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)所取代，這對于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)未來的(de)(de)革(ge)新發(fa)展大有幫助。超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏(ping)是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直流屏(ping)的(de)(de)先進(jin)技(ji)術，其(qi)在性能、維(wei)護、壽命、故障等方面(mian)都(dou)明顯優越(yue)于傳統的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業中應得到全面(mian)推廣使用(yong)。
直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源操作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統簡稱“直(zhi)流屏”，在(zai)(zai)變電(dian)(dian)站中向各種電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備(bei)提供(gong)(gong)穩定的直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源，也是現代(dai)變電(dian)(dian)站核心(xin)的電(dian)(dian)力操作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)源。直(zhi)流屏技(ji)術不僅保護了電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的正常(chang)運行，對(dui)于其(qi)他元件的穩定操控也起(qi)到(dao)很(hen)好的保護作(zuo)(zuo)用。對(dui)變電(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)流屏存在(zai)(zai)的問(wen)題進行深入(ru)分析(xi)，可以保證持(chi)續性的直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)應，為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備(bei)及相關模塊(kuai)的正常(chang)操控創造有利(li)的條件。電(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)積極引入(ru)直(zhi)流屏技(ji)術可加(jia)快變電(dian)(dian)站的自動化(hua)、智能化(hua)發(fa)展，提高變電(dian)(dian)站設(she)備(bei)運行的整體效率。
一、當前變電(dian)站直流屏(ping)存(cun)在的問題(ti)
國內(nei)變(bian)電(dian)站采用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)屏由充電(dian)柜、充電(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)、監(jian)控(kong)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)、電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)、降壓(ya)硅鏈等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構組(zu)成，每一(yi)個(ge)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)都(dou)對直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)發揮重要的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。從(cong)行業發展趨勢分析直流(liu)(liu)屏，其屬于數字化調控(kong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)下運行的(de)直流(liu)(liu)系統，對變(bian)電(dian)站直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)具(ju)有調控(kong)、保(bao)護、管理(li)、監(jian)測(ce)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)方(fang)面作(zuo)用(yong)。目前，變(bian)電(dian)站采用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)屏技術(shu)具(ju)備了遠(yuan)程監(jian)測(ce)、調控(kong)等(deng)(deng)高級功(gong)能，方(fang)便了值班人員對電(dian)力(li)系統運行的(de)調控(kong)。但直流(liu)(liu)屏存在的(de)一(yi)些問(wen)題(ti)也應(ying)(ying)該引(yin)起技術(shu)人員的(de)關注(zhu)，鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)池(chi)、密封鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)是常(chang)用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)屏，其主要問(wen)題(ti)如下：
（一）鎘鎳蓄電(dian)池直流屏
1.性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)問題。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母(mu)線(xian)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)需要使用(yong)大(da)批蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)模塊(kuai)，以此來維(wei)持正常的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操控。如(ru)：一般情況(kuang)下，大(da)型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)母(mu)線(xian)輸出(chu)220V，需使用(yong)200只左(zuo)右的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組合(he)模塊(kuai)。但鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)生產處理期間，廠家無法保證每只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)完全一致，200只蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組合(he)起來會產生明顯的(de)(de)特性(xing)(xing)差(cha)異。鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)在(zai)供應直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后(hou)所連接的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一致，并且負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)對象相同。這種特點導致局部鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)減弱，降(jiang)低了整(zheng)個蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組合(he)模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)。
2.壽(shou)命問題。由于鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合(he)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)流屏(ping)運行時(shi)本質上處于“浮充(chong)狀態”，此時(shi)鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流屏(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命取(qu)決于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。按照行業(ye)標準里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，廠(chang)家對鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證命在10年(nian)(nian)以上，而(er)具(ju)體(ti)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記錄情(qing)況僅有5年(nian)(nian)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流屏(ping)壽(shou)命縮短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因是(shi)由94于俯沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流超(chao)標會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)解成氫、氧，這是(shi)造成蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原因，若采用(yong)(yong)鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流屏(ping)時(shi)未做特殊處理(li)，則很容易引起意(yi)外事故。因此，直(zhi)流屏(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命長短(duan)會受到其他方(fang)面因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。
3.氧(yang)化(hua)問題。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)廠鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流屏使用期(qi)間也(ye)(ye)會(hui)出現氧(yang)化(hua)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應，使鎘(ge)(ge)鎳材料發生化(hua)學反(fan)應生成氧(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)(ge)，造成極(ji)板的(de)有(you)效面積不斷減小。為了避免氧(yang)化(hua)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應的(de)發生，變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站工作人員會(hui)定期(qi)對蓄電(dian)(dian)池進行“活化(hua)試(shi)驗”分(fen)析。在(zai)活化(hua)試(shi)驗里需對蓄電(dian)(dian)池進行充放電(dian)(dian)處理(li)，這一(yi)階段的(de)操(cao)作會(hui)發生極(ji)性反(fan)轉而導致蓄電(dian)(dian)池報廢。另外，氧(yang)化(hua)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應在(zai)破(po)壞鎘(ge)(ge)鎳直(zhi)流屏性能的(de)同時，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)穩定運行也(ye)(ye)會(hui)埋下(xia)安(an)全(quan)隱患，如：若把蓄電(dian)(dian)池完全(quan)安(an)裝于柜內(nei)，很容易引起燒毀、爆炸等安(an)全(quan)事故(gu)。
（二）密(mi)封鉛酸蓄電(dian)池直流屏
在(zai)(zai)科(ke)學技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推動(dong)下，國內變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術(shu)不斷(duan)發展，許多新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產(chan)品(pin)也在(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中得到(dao)了普遍運(yun)用(yong)。基于(yu)(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不足，企(qi)業(ye)開(kai)始采用(yong)密(mi)封鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)”。這種產(chan)品(pin)在(zai)(zai)質量、性能、價格(ge)、維護(hu)(hu)等方(fang)面均優于(yu)(yu)鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。如：閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)無需(xu)進行過多的(de)(de)(de)(de)維護(hu)(hu)或(huo)加(jia)水處理，為變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)操作人員提供了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)便。但(dan)該直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)處于(yu)(yu)“全密(mi)封”狀態(tai)也引(yin)起(qi)了諸多問題，尤其是(shi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)觀測、檢查等操作時，維護(hu)(hu)人員難以及時更新(xin)裝置。另(ling)外，由于(yu)(yu)國內閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)相對落后，產(chan)品(pin)運(yun)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)時壽命無保障，并(bing)且對于(yu)(yu)閥控蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行條件十分嚴格(ge)，給變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常生(sheng)產(chan)造成(cheng)了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)難。
二(er)、影響閾控蓄電池壽命的因(yin)素
使用(yong)壽命是制約閥控蓄(xu)電池推(tui)廣的重要因
素(su)，各大、中(zhong)、小(xiao)型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站采用這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)裝置均會考慮使用壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)年(nian)限，以控制變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)運行成本(ben)。經試驗數據分析，對閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽(shou)命(ming)造成影響(xiang)的(de)因(yin)素(su)集中(zhong)在溫(wen)度因(yin)素(su)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)因(yin)素(su)、失水因(yin)素(su)、腐蝕因(yin)素(su)，等等。
（一(yi)）溫度因素
盡管(guan)閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池運用于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)還(huan)存在明顯的不足，但與鎘(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池相(xiang)比(bi)已經(jing)有了(le)很(hen)大(da)的改進，對變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操(cao)作系統的運行(xing)創造了(le)更好的條件(jian)。閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命對溫度(du)(du)十分敏感，生(sheng)產廠家要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)池運行(xing)環境溫為15℃～25℃，當環境溫度(du)(du)超過25℃后，每(mei)升高10℃電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命就要(yao)縮短一半。
（二）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)被過度(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是影(ying)響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使(shi)(shi)用壽命(ming)的另一重要因素(su)。當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)被過度(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為零時，會導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內部有(you)大量的硫酸鉛被吸付到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的陰(yin)極(ji)表面，形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)陰(yin)極(ji)的硫酸鹽化。在陰(yin)極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)形成的硫酸鹽越多，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的內阻越大，閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的使(shi)(shi)用壽命(ming)會大大減短。
（三）腐蝕因(yin)素
板(ban)柵腐蝕(shi)是影響蓄電(dian)池使用(yong)壽命(ming)的重要原因。在開路(lu)狀態(tai)下，鉛(qian)合金與活性二氧(yang)(yang)化鉛(qian)直接接觸，而(er)且共同浸在硫酸(suan)溶液中。在過充電(dian)狀態(tai)下，正極由于(yu)析氧(yang)(yang)反(fan)應，水被消耗，H增(zeng)加，從(cong)而(er)導致(zhi)正極附近(jin)酸(suan)度增(zeng)高。電(dian)池的柵板(ban)就會變(bian)薄，容量降低，會縮短使用(yong)壽命(ming)。
（四）浮充因素
變電站使用的蓄(xu)(xu)電池大(da)多數都(dou)處(chu)于長期的浮充(chong)電狀態下，這樣(yang)會(hui)造成蓄(xu)(xu)電池的陽極(ji)極(ji)板鈍化，使蓄(xu)(xu)電池內阻(zu)急劇增大(da)，使蓄(xu)(xu)電池的實(shi)際容(rong)量(Ah)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)低于其標準容(rong)量，從而(er)導(dao)致蓄(xu)(xu)電池所能提供的實(shi)際后備供電時間大(da)大(da)縮短，減少其使用壽命。
（五）失水(shui)因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)池失水(shui)也(ye)是影響其使用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)之(zhi)一，蓄電(dian)(dian)池失水(shui)會導致電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液比(bi)重增加，電(dian)(dian)池柵(zha)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕，使蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性物(wu)質減少，從而使蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容量降低而導致其使用(yong)壽命(ming)減少。當(dang)失水(shui)5.5％時，容量降到75％；失水(shui)達到25％時，容量基本消失。
三、超級(ji)電容用于直流屏的(de)有(you)關試驗
為了證明超級電容(rong)用于變電站(zhan)直(zhi)流屏中(zhong)的(de)(de)優點，列(lie)舉了幾個(ge)常見的(de)(de)試(shi)驗案例(li)，根據試(shi)驗結果分析超級電容(rong)直(zhi)流屏技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)綜合性能特(te)點。
（一(yi)）用(yong)超級(ji)電容對斷(duan)路器合(he)閘的試驗
超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)標稱容(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)對斷路器合(he)(he)閘(zha)的試驗。試驗方法(fa)：斷開615柜合(he)(he)閘(zha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)兩出線端(duan)并接在合(he)(he)閘(zha)接觸(chu)器觸(chu)頭上；模擬正常(chang)方式合(he)(he)閘(zha)，按下合(he)(he)閘(zha)接鈕，記(ji)錄合(he)(he)閘(zha)次數和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。共合(he)(he)閘(zha)15次，每(mei)次都合(he)(he)閘(zha)成功(gong)。結果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓95時，可對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁機構(gou)可靠合(he)(he)閘(zha)大于8次，每(mei)次合(he)(he)閘(zha)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降5V。
（二）超級電(dian)容充電(dian)時(shi)間測(ce)試(shi)
超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)的初充電(dian)，如不(bu)加限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)阻，相當于發生短(duan)路。生產廠(chang)家推薦使用(yong)1000W碘(dian)鎢燈作限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)阻，其冷態電(dian)阻較熱態電(dian)阻小(xiao)近10倍，符合電(dian)容(rong)(rong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升后宜減小(xiao)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)阻的要求。以下試驗數據均(jun)是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢燈實測的數據。結果(guo)：不(bu)同(tong)的充電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)對充電(dian)速度有影響，但不(bu)管(guan)什么電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)由零(ling)伏充至額定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時僅需3分鐘。以后，長(chang)期浮充電(dian)流(liu)(liu)在0～10mA變化。
（三(san)）超級電容自放電測試
將超級電(dian)容充至242V后(hou)，與負載完全(quan)脫離，隔日同一時(shi)間(jian)測量電(dian)容端電(dian)壓。結果(guo)：端電(dian)壓下降(jiang)速(su)度(du)與是否(fou)經過(guo)浮(fu)充有關，未(wei)經浮(fu)充開始幾個小(xiao)時(shi)達2～3V/h，即每(mei)小(xiao)時(shi)下降(jiang)2～3V，經過(guo)浮(fu)充半小(xiao)時(shi)以后(hou)，自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)速(su)度(du)明顯(xian)變緩，可(ke)能是電(dian)容內部(bu)電(dian)荷來不及分布均勻有關。在(zai)正常運用時(shi)，超級電(dian)容處在(zai)長期浮(fu)充狀態，完全(quan)斷開負載后(hou)可(ke)維持有效電(dian)壓達3天（72小(xiao)時(shi)）。
四、超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)容直流屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏(ping)的(de)性能(neng)對比
根(gen)據超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容運用(yong)于直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的試驗結果(guo)分析(xi)，其不僅擺(bai)脫了傳(chuan)統蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)存在的不足(zu)，也顯著提(ti)(ti)升了變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統運行(xing)的效率，為(wei)(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)人員的系統控制與(yu)改(gai)造提(ti)(ti)供了足(zu)夠的直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。為(wei)(wei)了驗證超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的諸多優(you)勢，本(ben)文(wen)以(yi)使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)能為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點(dian)，從故障、壽命、維(wei)護等方面(mian)，對(dui)(dui)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)與(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)進行(xing)綜合(he)對(dui)(dui)比。
（一）故障方(fang)面對比
變電(dian)(dian)站不(bu)管采用(yong)哪一(yi)類蓄電(dian)(dian)池，其在使用(yong)時都需要配(pei)備相應的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，這是(shi)保證蓄電(dian)(dian)池持續供應直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)重要條件。參照(zhao)試驗結(jie)果判斷，傳統(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)屏采用(yong)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)發生率明顯高于超級電(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)流(liu)屏，不(bu)利于變電(dian)(dian)站日常操作的(de)(de)穩定運行。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)容放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置在結(jie)構方面更為簡化，對其進行改造(zao)或(huo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)更加(jia)便捷。
（二）壽命方面(mian)對比
當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)結(jie)束后需要進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)才能正常使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，長期充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)導致(zhi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短，一般要短于(yu)標準(zhun)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)的5～10年時間(jian)，限(xian)(xian)制了(le)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的穩(wen)定(ding)發揮。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏的使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)更長，這是由于(yu)其不存(cun)在(zai)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，在(zai)生產期間(jian)限(xian)(xian)定(ding)最高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即可滿足維護需要，有效(xiao)避免(mian)了(le)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短。
（三(san)）維(wei)護方面對比
從(cong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏維護角(jiao)度來看，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的日(ri)常(chang)維護工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量(liang)較大(da)，不僅要定期(qi)(qi)對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行檢(jian)測、更新，還要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部的線路連接(jie)綜(zong)合監測，給工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人員造成(cheng)了(le)很大(da)的難度。但超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)流(liu)屏用(yong)于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)無(wu)需(xu)過多的維護，在安裝初期(qi)(qi)對直(zhi)流(liu)屏裝置全面檢(jian)測達標后即可(ke)長期(qi)(qi)使用(yong)。從(cong)性能(neng)(neng)恢復來說，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后要經過幾個小(xiao)時的恢復才能(neng)(neng)正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)僅需(xu)3～5分(fen)鐘(zhong)即可(ke)復原電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。保持了(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五、結論(lun)
直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操作系統是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)正常(chang)運行(xing)的(de)(de)基本保(bao)證(zheng)，其(qi)能夠(gou)及時將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流輸送到各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)備中供應使用(yong)。伴隨著(zhu)社(she)會現代化(hua)發(fa)展步伐的(de)(de)加(jia)快(kuai)，我國變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建設(she)面(mian)臨著(zhu)新的(de)(de)改革(ge)優化(hua)，各種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)逐(zhu)漸被其(qi)他形式的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)所取代，這對于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)未來的(de)(de)革(ge)新發(fa)展大有幫助。超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏(ping)是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直流屏(ping)的(de)(de)先進(jin)技(ji)術，其(qi)在性能、維(wei)護、壽命、故障等方面(mian)都(dou)明顯優越(yue)于傳統的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業中應得到全面(mian)推廣使用(yong)。
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