關于變電站直流屏技術的分析研究
2019/6/10 14:30:31??????點擊：
直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)正常運行(xing)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成，其(qi)能夠持續向變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)輸送(song)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，滿足了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力設備(bei)操作運行(xing)的(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求。從實際運用情況來說，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)在使(shi)用壽命(ming)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能供應方(fang)面的(de)性能難(nan)以達到標準要(yao)求，制約了直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操作系統性能的(de)發揮。研究發現采(cai)用超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)可有(you)(you)效解決直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供應難(nan)題(ti)，經過改(gai)進(jin)后的(de)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)在性能、壽命(ming)、穩(wen)定(ding)等(deng)方(fang)面都有(you)(you)了很大的(de)改(gai)善，其(qi)與蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)相比存(cun)在明(ming)顯的(de)優勢。
直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操(cao)作系統簡稱“直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏”，在(zai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中向各種電(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)提(ti)(ti)供穩定(ding)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，也是現(xian)代變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)核心的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)作電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏技(ji)術(shu)不僅保護了電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)正(zheng)常運行(xing)，對于其(qi)他元件(jian)的(de)穩定(ding)操(cao)控也起到很好的(de)保護作用(yong)。對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏存在(zai)的(de)問題進行(xing)深入分(fen)析，可以(yi)保證(zheng)持(chi)續性(xing)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供應，為電(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)及(ji)相關(guan)模塊(kuai)的(de)正(zheng)常操(cao)控創造(zao)有(you)利的(de)條件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業積極引入直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏技(ji)術(shu)可加快變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)自動(dong)化(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)發展，提(ti)(ti)高變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)運行(xing)的(de)整體效率。
一、當前變電站直(zhi)流(liu)屏存在的問題
國內變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)采用的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)由(you)充電(dian)(dian)柜、充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)、監控模(mo)塊(kuai)、電(dian)(dian)池組、降壓硅(gui)鏈等結構組成，每一個模(mo)塊(kuai)都對直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)發(fa)揮重要的(de)作(zuo)用。從(cong)行業發(fa)展趨(qu)勢分析直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)屬于數(shu)字化調控模(mo)式下運行的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)系統，對變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)具(ju)有調控、保護、管理、監測等多方面作(zuo)用。目(mu)前(qian)，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)采用直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)技術具(ju)備了(le)遠程監測、調控等高級功能，方便了(le)值(zhi)班人員(yuan)(yuan)對電(dian)(dian)力系統運行的(de)調控。但直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)存在的(de)一些問(wen)題(ti)也應(ying)(ying)該引起技術人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)關注，鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、密(mi)封(feng)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是常用的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)主(zhu)要問(wen)題(ti)如下：
（一）鎘(ge)鎳蓄電池直流(liu)屏
1.性能問題。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過(guo)直(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需(xu)要使用大批蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)模塊(kuai)，以(yi)此來(lai)維持正(zheng)常的直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操控。如：一(yi)般情況下，大型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出220V，需(xu)使用200只(zhi)(zhi)左右(you)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊(kuai)。但鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在生產處理(li)期間，廠家無法(fa)保證(zheng)每只(zhi)(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能完全一(yi)致，200只(zhi)(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合起來(lai)會(hui)產生明顯(xian)的特性差異。鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏在供(gong)應直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后所連(lian)接的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一(yi)致，并(bing)且(qie)負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的對象相同。這種(zhong)特點導致局部鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的性能減弱，降(jiang)低了整個蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊(kuai)的功能。
2.壽命問題。由于(yu)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合材料的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)運行時本質上(shang)處于(yu)“浮充狀態”，此(ci)時鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命取(qu)決于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。按照行業標準里的(de)(de)(de)規定，廠家對鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)保證命在10年以上(shang)，而(er)具體(ti)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)記錄情況僅有(you)5年左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)時間。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)壽命縮短的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)是由94于(yu)俯沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超標會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)成(cheng)氫、氧，這是造成(cheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)炸的(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)，若采用(yong)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)時未(wei)做(zuo)特殊處理，則很(hen)容易引起意外(wai)事(shi)故。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命長短會受到其他方面因(yin)(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)限制。
3.氧化(hua)(hua)問題。變電(dian)廠鎘鎳蓄電(dian)池直流(liu)屏使用期(qi)間也會出現氧化(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反應(ying)，使鎘鎳材(cai)料發生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)生(sheng)成氧化(hua)(hua)鎘，造成極板的(de)有效面積不斷減小(xiao)。為了(le)避免氧化(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反應(ying)的(de)發生(sheng)，變電(dian)站工作人員會定期(qi)對蓄電(dian)池進行(xing)“活化(hua)(hua)試驗”分(fen)析(xi)。在活化(hua)(hua)試驗里(li)需對蓄電(dian)池進行(xing)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)處理(li)，這(zhe)一階段的(de)操作會發生(sheng)極性反轉而導致蓄電(dian)池報廢。另外，氧化(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反應(ying)在破壞(huai)鎘鎳直流(liu)屏性能的(de)同時，對變電(dian)站的(de)穩(wen)定運行(xing)也會埋下安(an)(an)全(quan)隱患，如(ru)：若(ruo)把蓄電(dian)池完全(quan)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)于柜(ju)內(nei)，很容易(yi)引起燒毀、爆炸等安(an)(an)全(quan)事故。
（二）密封鉛酸蓄電池直流屏
在(zai)科學技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)推動下，國(guo)內變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)技(ji)術(shu)不斷發展(zhan)，許多(duo)新(xin)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)品也在(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中得到(dao)了普(pu)遍運用(yong)(yong)(yong)。基于鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)存在(zai)的(de)(de)不足，企業開始采用(yong)(yong)(yong)密封鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，簡稱(cheng)“閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。這(zhe)種產(chan)品在(zai)質量、性能、價(jia)格(ge)(ge)、維(wei)護等方面均優(you)于鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。如：閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)無需進行(xing)過多(duo)的(de)(de)維(wei)護或加水處理，為變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)操作(zuo)人員(yuan)提供了很(hen)大的(de)(de)方便(bian)。但該(gai)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)處于“全密封”狀態也引起了諸(zhu)多(duo)問(wen)題，尤其是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)觀(guan)測、檢查等操作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，維(wei)護人員(yuan)難(nan)以及時(shi)(shi)更新(xin)裝置(zhi)。另外(wai)，由于國(guo)內閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技(ji)術(shu)相對(dui)落后，產(chan)品運用(yong)(yong)(yong)于變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)時(shi)(shi)壽(shou)命無保障，并且對(dui)于閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)運行(xing)條件十分嚴格(ge)(ge)，給變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)正常生(sheng)產(chan)造成(cheng)了很(hen)大的(de)(de)困(kun)難(nan)。
二(er)、影響閾控(kong)蓄電池壽命(ming)的因素
使用壽(shou)命(ming)是制約閥控蓄電池推廣的重要因
素(su)，各大、中、小型變電(dian)站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)這種電(dian)源裝置均會考(kao)慮使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命的年(nian)限，以(yi)控(kong)制變電(dian)站(zhan)的運(yun)行成本。經(jing)試驗數據分析，對(dui)閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命造成影響的因(yin)素(su)集(ji)中在溫度因(yin)素(su)、放電(dian)因(yin)素(su)、失水因(yin)素(su)、腐蝕(shi)因(yin)素(su)，等等。
（一）溫度因素
盡管閥(fa)控蓄電池(chi)運用于變電站還存(cun)在明顯(xian)的(de)不足，但與鎘鎳蓄電池(chi)相(xiang)比已經有了(le)很(hen)大的(de)改(gai)進，對變電站直(zhi)流電源(yuan)操(cao)作系統的(de)運行(xing)創造了(le)更好的(de)條件(jian)。閥(fa)控蓄電池(chi)壽命(ming)對溫度(du)十分敏感，生產廠家(jia)要求電池(chi)運行(xing)環(huan)境溫為15℃～25℃，當環(huan)境溫度(du)超過25℃后，每升高(gao)10℃電池(chi)壽命(ming)就要縮短一(yi)半。
（二(er)）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)被(bei)過度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)影響蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用(yong)壽命的(de)(de)另一重要因素。當蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)被(bei)過度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)到輸出電(dian)(dian)壓為零時(shi)，會導致電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內部有大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)被(bei)吸付到電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)陰(yin)極表面，形(xing)成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)陰(yin)極的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化。在(zai)陰(yin)極板上形(xing)成的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)越多，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)內阻越大(da)(da)，閥(fa)控蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命會大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減短。
（三）腐蝕因素(su)
板(ban)柵腐蝕(shi)是影(ying)響蓄電池使用(yong)壽命的(de)重要原因。在開路(lu)狀態下(xia)，鉛(qian)合金與活性二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)直接接觸，而(er)且共同浸(jin)在硫(liu)酸溶(rong)液中(zhong)。在過(guo)充電狀態下(xia)，正極由于析氧(yang)反應，水(shui)被消(xiao)耗，H增加，從而(er)導致正極附近(jin)酸度增高(gao)。電池的(de)柵板(ban)就會變(bian)薄(bo)，容量降(jiang)低，會縮短使用(yong)壽命。
（四）浮充因素
變電(dian)站使用(yong)的蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)大多(duo)數(shu)都處于長期的浮充電(dian)狀態下，這樣會造成蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的陽極極板鈍化，使蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)內阻急(ji)劇增大，使蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的實際容量(Ah)遠遠低于其標準容量，從而導致蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)所能提供(gong)(gong)的實際后備供(gong)(gong)電(dian)時間(jian)大大縮短，減(jian)少其使用(yong)壽命。
（五）失水因素
蓄電池失(shi)水(shui)(shui)也(ye)是影響其(qi)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)因素之一，蓄電池失(shi)水(shui)(shui)會導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)電解液比重增加，電池柵板(ban)的(de)腐蝕，使(shi)蓄電池的(de)活性物質減少，從而使(shi)蓄電池的(de)容量降低而導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)其(qi)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命減少。當失(shi)水(shui)(shui)5.5％時，容量降到75％；失(shi)水(shui)(shui)達到25％時，容量基(ji)本消失(shi)。
三、超級電容用于(yu)直流屏(ping)的(de)有(you)關試驗
為了證明超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容用(yong)于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站直流屏中(zhong)的(de)優點(dian)，列舉了幾個常見的(de)試驗案例，根據(ju)試驗結果(guo)分析超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏技術(shu)的(de)綜合性能特點(dian)。
（一）用超(chao)級電容對斷路器合閘的試(shi)驗
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)標稱容(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)對斷路器(qi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)的試驗(yan)。試驗(yan)方(fang)法：斷開615柜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已(yi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)兩出線端并接在合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)接觸器(qi)觸頭(tou)上(shang)；模擬(ni)正(zheng)常方(fang)式合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)，按下(xia)(xia)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)接鈕，記錄合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)次(ci)數和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。共合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)15次(ci)，每次(ci)都(dou)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)成功。結果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓95時，可對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)機構可靠合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)大(da)于(yu)8次(ci)，每次(ci)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)(xia)降5V。
（二）超級(ji)電容(rong)充電時(shi)間測(ce)試(shi)
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)初充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)不加(jia)限(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，相當于發(fa)生短路。生產廠家(jia)推(tui)薦使(shi)用1000W碘(dian)鎢(wu)燈作(zuo)限(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，其冷態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較熱(re)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小近10倍，符合電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升后宜減小限(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)要求。以下試驗數據均(jun)是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢(wu)燈實測(ce)的(de)數據。結果(guo)：不同(tong)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度有(you)影(ying)響，但不管什(shen)么電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容由零伏充(chong)至(zhi)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時僅需3分鐘。以后，長期浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)0～10mA變化(hua)。
（三）超級電容自放電測試
將超級電(dian)容(rong)充至242V后，與(yu)負載完(wan)全脫離，隔(ge)日同一時間(jian)測量(liang)電(dian)容(rong)端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)。結果：端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降速度與(yu)是(shi)否經過(guo)浮充有(you)關，未經浮充開(kai)始幾個(ge)小時達(da)2～3V/h，即(ji)每小時下(xia)降2～3V，經過(guo)浮充半小時以后，自放電(dian)速度明顯變緩，可(ke)能是(shi)電(dian)容(rong)內部電(dian)荷來不及分布(bu)均勻有(you)關。在(zai)(zai)正常運用時，超級電(dian)容(rong)處在(zai)(zai)長期浮充狀態，完(wan)全斷(duan)開(kai)負載后可(ke)維(wei)持有(you)效電(dian)壓(ya)達(da)3天(tian)（72小時）。
四、超級電(dian)容直流屏(ping)(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏(ping)(ping)的性(xing)能對比
根據超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)運(yun)用(yong)于直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏的(de)(de)試驗結(jie)果分(fen)析，其不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)擺(bai)脫了(le)傳統(tong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏存在的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)足，也顯著(zhu)提升了(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)運(yun)行的(de)(de)效率，為操(cao)作人員(yuan)的(de)(de)系統(tong)控(kong)制與改造(zao)提供(gong)了(le)足夠的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。為了(le)驗證(zheng)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏的(de)(de)諸多優勢，本文以使用(yong)性能(neng)為重點，從故障、壽命、維護等(deng)方面，對超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏進(jin)行綜合對比。
（一）故障方面對比
變(bian)電(dian)站不(bu)(bu)管采用(yong)哪一類蓄(xu)電(dian)池，其在(zai)使用(yong)時都需(xu)要配備相(xiang)應的(de)放(fang)電(dian)裝置(zhi)，這是(shi)保證蓄(xu)電(dian)池持續(xu)供應直流電(dian)源的(de)重要條件(jian)。參照(zhao)試(shi)驗結果判斷，傳統蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏采用(yong)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)裝置(zhi)的(de)故障發生率(lv)明顯高于超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)直流屏，不(bu)(bu)利(li)于變(bian)電(dian)站日常(chang)操作的(de)穩定運(yun)行(xing)。而超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)放(fang)電(dian)裝置(zhi)在(zai)結構方面更(geng)(geng)為簡化，對其進行(xing)改(gai)造或放(fang)電(dian)更(geng)(geng)加便捷(jie)。
（二(er)）壽命方面(mian)對(dui)比
當蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)結束后需要進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)才能正常(chang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)會導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短(duan)，一般要短(duan)于標準使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)5～10年(nian)時間，限制了蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流屏(ping)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)穩定發(fa)揮。而超級電(dian)容(rong)直流屏(ping)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)更長，這是(shi)由于其不存在過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、過(guo)放電(dian)問題(ti)，在生產(chan)期(qi)間限定最高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓即可滿足維護需要，有效(xiao)避免了超級電(dian)容(rong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短(duan)。
（三）維護方面對比
從直流屏維(wei)(wei)護角度來看，變電(dian)站的(de)日常(chang)維(wei)(wei)護工作量較(jiao)大，不僅要定期對蓄電(dian)池進行檢測(ce)、更新，還要對電(dian)池內部的(de)線路連接綜(zong)合監測(ce)，給(gei)工作人員造成了(le)很大的(de)難度。但超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)直流屏用于變電(dian)站無需(xu)過多的(de)維(wei)(wei)護，在安裝(zhuang)初期對直流屏裝(zhuang)置全面檢測(ce)達標后(hou)即可長期使用。從性能(neng)恢復(fu)(fu)來說(shuo)，蓄電(dian)池放電(dian)后(hou)要經過幾個小時(shi)的(de)恢復(fu)(fu)才能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)，超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)僅需(xu)3～5分鐘即可復(fu)(fu)原電(dian)能(neng)。保(bao)持(chi)了(le)變電(dian)站的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)。
五(wu)、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操作系(xi)統是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)正常運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)基本保證，其(qi)能夠及時將電(dian)(dian)(dian)流輸送到各(ge)(ge)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設備中(zhong)(zhong)供應(ying)使(shi)用(yong)。伴隨著(zhu)社會現代化發(fa)展步伐的(de)(de)(de)加快(kuai)，我(wo)國變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)建設面臨著(zhu)新的(de)(de)(de)改革優(you)化，各(ge)(ge)種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏逐漸被(bei)其(qi)他(ta)形式的(de)(de)(de)裝置所取代，這對(dui)于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)未(wei)來的(de)(de)(de)革新發(fa)展大有幫(bang)助。超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏的(de)(de)(de)先進技術，其(qi)在性能、維護(hu)、壽命、故障等方面都(dou)明顯優(you)越于傳統的(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)得(de)到全面推廣使(shi)用(yong)。
直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操(cao)作系統簡稱“直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏”，在(zai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中向各種電(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)提(ti)(ti)供穩定(ding)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，也是現(xian)代變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)核心的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)作電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏技(ji)術(shu)不僅保護了電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)正(zheng)常運行(xing)，對于其(qi)他元件(jian)的(de)穩定(ding)操(cao)控也起到很好的(de)保護作用(yong)。對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏存在(zai)的(de)問題進行(xing)深入分(fen)析，可以(yi)保證(zheng)持(chi)續性(xing)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供應，為電(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)及(ji)相關(guan)模塊(kuai)的(de)正(zheng)常操(cao)控創造(zao)有(you)利的(de)條件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業積極引入直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏技(ji)術(shu)可加快變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)自動(dong)化(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)發展，提(ti)(ti)高變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)運行(xing)的(de)整體效率。
一、當前變電站直(zhi)流(liu)屏存在的問題
國內變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)采用的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)由(you)充電(dian)(dian)柜、充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)、監控模(mo)塊(kuai)、電(dian)(dian)池組、降壓硅(gui)鏈等結構組成，每一個模(mo)塊(kuai)都對直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)發(fa)揮重要的(de)作(zuo)用。從(cong)行業發(fa)展趨(qu)勢分析直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)屬于數(shu)字化調控模(mo)式下運行的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)系統，對變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)具(ju)有調控、保護、管理、監測等多方面作(zuo)用。目(mu)前(qian)，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)采用直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)技術具(ju)備了(le)遠程監測、調控等高級功能，方便了(le)值(zhi)班人員(yuan)(yuan)對電(dian)(dian)力系統運行的(de)調控。但直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)存在的(de)一些問(wen)題(ti)也應(ying)(ying)該引起技術人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)關注，鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、密(mi)封(feng)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是常用的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)，其(qi)主(zhu)要問(wen)題(ti)如下：
（一）鎘(ge)鎳蓄電池直流(liu)屏
1.性能問題。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站通過(guo)直(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需(xu)要使用大批蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)模塊(kuai)，以(yi)此來(lai)維持正(zheng)常的直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操控。如：一(yi)般情況下，大型變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直(zhi)流(liu)母線輸出220V，需(xu)使用200只(zhi)(zhi)左右(you)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊(kuai)。但鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在生產處理(li)期間，廠家無法(fa)保證(zheng)每只(zhi)(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能完全一(yi)致，200只(zhi)(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合起來(lai)會(hui)產生明顯(xian)的特性差異。鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏在供(gong)應直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后所連(lian)接的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一(yi)致，并(bing)且(qie)負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的對象相同。這種(zhong)特點導致局部鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的性能減弱，降(jiang)低了整個蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)合模塊(kuai)的功能。
2.壽命問題。由于(yu)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)合材料的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)運行時本質上(shang)處于(yu)“浮充狀態”，此(ci)時鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命取(qu)決于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。按照行業標準里的(de)(de)(de)規定，廠家對鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)保證命在10年以上(shang)，而(er)具體(ti)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)記錄情況僅有(you)5年左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)時間。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)壽命縮短的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)是由94于(yu)俯沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超標會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)成(cheng)氫、氧，這是造成(cheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)炸的(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)，若采用(yong)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)時未(wei)做(zuo)特殊處理，則很(hen)容易引起意外(wai)事(shi)故。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命長短會受到其他方面因(yin)(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)限制。
3.氧化(hua)(hua)問題。變電(dian)廠鎘鎳蓄電(dian)池直流(liu)屏使用期(qi)間也會出現氧化(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反應(ying)，使鎘鎳材(cai)料發生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)生(sheng)成氧化(hua)(hua)鎘，造成極板的(de)有效面積不斷減小(xiao)。為了(le)避免氧化(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反應(ying)的(de)發生(sheng)，變電(dian)站工作人員會定期(qi)對蓄電(dian)池進行(xing)“活化(hua)(hua)試驗”分(fen)析(xi)。在活化(hua)(hua)試驗里(li)需對蓄電(dian)池進行(xing)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)處理(li)，這(zhe)一階段的(de)操作會發生(sheng)極性反轉而導致蓄電(dian)池報廢。另外，氧化(hua)(hua)還(huan)原反應(ying)在破壞(huai)鎘鎳直流(liu)屏性能的(de)同時，對變電(dian)站的(de)穩(wen)定運行(xing)也會埋下安(an)(an)全(quan)隱患，如(ru)：若(ruo)把蓄電(dian)池完全(quan)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)于柜(ju)內(nei)，很容易(yi)引起燒毀、爆炸等安(an)(an)全(quan)事故。
（二）密封鉛酸蓄電池直流屏
在(zai)科學技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)推動下，國(guo)內變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)技(ji)術(shu)不斷發展(zhan)，許多(duo)新(xin)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)品也在(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中得到(dao)了普(pu)遍運用(yong)(yong)(yong)。基于鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)存在(zai)的(de)(de)不足，企業開始采用(yong)(yong)(yong)密封鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，簡稱(cheng)“閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。這(zhe)種產(chan)品在(zai)質量、性能、價(jia)格(ge)(ge)、維(wei)護等方面均優(you)于鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。如：閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)無需進行(xing)過多(duo)的(de)(de)維(wei)護或加水處理，為變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)操作(zuo)人員(yuan)提供了很(hen)大的(de)(de)方便(bian)。但該(gai)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)處于“全密封”狀態也引起了諸(zhu)多(duo)問(wen)題，尤其是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)觀(guan)測、檢查等操作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，維(wei)護人員(yuan)難(nan)以及時(shi)(shi)更新(xin)裝置(zhi)。另外(wai)，由于國(guo)內閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技(ji)術(shu)相對(dui)落后，產(chan)品運用(yong)(yong)(yong)于變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)時(shi)(shi)壽(shou)命無保障，并且對(dui)于閥(fa)(fa)控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)運行(xing)條件十分嚴格(ge)(ge)，給變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)正常生(sheng)產(chan)造成(cheng)了很(hen)大的(de)(de)困(kun)難(nan)。
二(er)、影響閾控(kong)蓄電池壽命(ming)的因素
使用壽(shou)命(ming)是制約閥控蓄電池推廣的重要因
素(su)，各大、中、小型變電(dian)站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)這種電(dian)源裝置均會考(kao)慮使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命的年(nian)限，以(yi)控(kong)制變電(dian)站(zhan)的運(yun)行成本。經(jing)試驗數據分析，對(dui)閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命造成影響的因(yin)素(su)集(ji)中在溫度因(yin)素(su)、放電(dian)因(yin)素(su)、失水因(yin)素(su)、腐蝕(shi)因(yin)素(su)，等等。
（一）溫度因素
盡管閥(fa)控蓄電池(chi)運用于變電站還存(cun)在明顯(xian)的(de)不足，但與鎘鎳蓄電池(chi)相(xiang)比已經有了(le)很(hen)大的(de)改(gai)進，對變電站直(zhi)流電源(yuan)操(cao)作系統的(de)運行(xing)創造了(le)更好的(de)條件(jian)。閥(fa)控蓄電池(chi)壽命(ming)對溫度(du)十分敏感，生產廠家(jia)要求電池(chi)運行(xing)環(huan)境溫為15℃～25℃，當環(huan)境溫度(du)超過25℃后，每升高(gao)10℃電池(chi)壽命(ming)就要縮短一(yi)半。
（二(er)）放電因素
蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)被(bei)過度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)影響蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用(yong)壽命的(de)(de)另一重要因素。當蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)被(bei)過度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)到輸出電(dian)(dian)壓為零時(shi)，會導致電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內部有大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)被(bei)吸付到電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)陰(yin)極表面，形(xing)成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)陰(yin)極的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化。在(zai)陰(yin)極板上形(xing)成的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)越多，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)內阻越大(da)(da)，閥(fa)控蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命會大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減短。
（三）腐蝕因素(su)
板(ban)柵腐蝕(shi)是影(ying)響蓄電池使用(yong)壽命的(de)重要原因。在開路(lu)狀態下(xia)，鉛(qian)合金與活性二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)直接接觸，而(er)且共同浸(jin)在硫(liu)酸溶(rong)液中(zhong)。在過(guo)充電狀態下(xia)，正極由于析氧(yang)反應，水(shui)被消(xiao)耗，H增加，從而(er)導致正極附近(jin)酸度增高(gao)。電池的(de)柵板(ban)就會變(bian)薄(bo)，容量降(jiang)低，會縮短使用(yong)壽命。
（四）浮充因素
變電(dian)站使用(yong)的蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)大多(duo)數(shu)都處于長期的浮充電(dian)狀態下，這樣會造成蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的陽極極板鈍化，使蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)內阻急(ji)劇增大，使蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的實際容量(Ah)遠遠低于其標準容量，從而導致蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)所能提供(gong)(gong)的實際后備供(gong)(gong)電(dian)時間(jian)大大縮短，減(jian)少其使用(yong)壽命。
（五）失水因素
蓄電池失(shi)水(shui)(shui)也(ye)是影響其(qi)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)因素之一，蓄電池失(shi)水(shui)(shui)會導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)電解液比重增加，電池柵板(ban)的(de)腐蝕，使(shi)蓄電池的(de)活性物質減少，從而使(shi)蓄電池的(de)容量降低而導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)其(qi)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命減少。當失(shi)水(shui)(shui)5.5％時，容量降到75％；失(shi)水(shui)(shui)達到25％時，容量基(ji)本消失(shi)。
三、超級電容用于(yu)直流屏(ping)的(de)有(you)關試驗
為了證明超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容用(yong)于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站直流屏中(zhong)的(de)優點(dian)，列舉了幾個常見的(de)試驗案例，根據(ju)試驗結果(guo)分析超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直流屏技術(shu)的(de)綜合性能特點(dian)。
（一）用超(chao)級電容對斷路器合閘的試(shi)驗
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)標稱容(rong)量0.82F，耐壓280V，用超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)對斷路器(qi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)的試驗(yan)。試驗(yan)方(fang)法：斷開615柜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已(yi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)兩出線端并接在合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)接觸器(qi)觸頭(tou)上(shang)；模擬(ni)正(zheng)常方(fang)式合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)，按下(xia)(xia)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)接鈕，記錄合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)次(ci)數和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。共合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)15次(ci)，每次(ci)都(dou)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)成功。結果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓95時，可對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)機構可靠合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)大(da)于(yu)8次(ci)，每次(ci)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)(xia)降5V。
（二）超級(ji)電容(rong)充電時(shi)間測(ce)試(shi)
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)初充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)不加(jia)限(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，相當于發(fa)生短路。生產廠家(jia)推(tui)薦使(shi)用1000W碘(dian)鎢(wu)燈作(zuo)限(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，其冷態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較熱(re)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小近10倍，符合電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升后宜減小限(xian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)要求。以下試驗數據均(jun)是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢(wu)燈實測(ce)的(de)數據。結果(guo)：不同(tong)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度有(you)影(ying)響，但不管什(shen)么電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容由零伏充(chong)至(zhi)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時僅需3分鐘。以后，長期浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)0～10mA變化(hua)。
（三）超級電容自放電測試
將超級電(dian)容(rong)充至242V后，與(yu)負載完(wan)全脫離，隔(ge)日同一時間(jian)測量(liang)電(dian)容(rong)端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)。結果：端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降速度與(yu)是(shi)否經過(guo)浮充有(you)關，未經浮充開(kai)始幾個(ge)小時達(da)2～3V/h，即(ji)每小時下(xia)降2～3V，經過(guo)浮充半小時以后，自放電(dian)速度明顯變緩，可(ke)能是(shi)電(dian)容(rong)內部電(dian)荷來不及分布(bu)均勻有(you)關。在(zai)(zai)正常運用時，超級電(dian)容(rong)處在(zai)(zai)長期浮充狀態，完(wan)全斷(duan)開(kai)負載后可(ke)維(wei)持有(you)效電(dian)壓(ya)達(da)3天(tian)（72小時）。
四、超級電(dian)容直流屏(ping)(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏(ping)(ping)的性(xing)能對比
根據超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)運(yun)用(yong)于直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏的(de)(de)試驗結(jie)果分(fen)析，其不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)擺(bai)脫了(le)傳統(tong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏存在的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)足，也顯著(zhu)提升了(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)運(yun)行的(de)(de)效率，為操(cao)作人員(yuan)的(de)(de)系統(tong)控(kong)制與改造(zao)提供(gong)了(le)足夠的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。為了(le)驗證(zheng)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏的(de)(de)諸多優勢，本文以使用(yong)性能(neng)為重點，從故障、壽命、維護等(deng)方面，對超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏進(jin)行綜合對比。
（一）故障方面對比
變(bian)電(dian)站不(bu)(bu)管采用(yong)哪一類蓄(xu)電(dian)池，其在(zai)使用(yong)時都需(xu)要配備相(xiang)應的(de)放(fang)電(dian)裝置(zhi)，這是(shi)保證蓄(xu)電(dian)池持續(xu)供應直流電(dian)源的(de)重要條件(jian)。參照(zhao)試(shi)驗結果判斷，傳統蓄(xu)電(dian)池直流屏采用(yong)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)裝置(zhi)的(de)故障發生率(lv)明顯高于超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)直流屏，不(bu)(bu)利(li)于變(bian)電(dian)站日常(chang)操作的(de)穩定運(yun)行(xing)。而超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)放(fang)電(dian)裝置(zhi)在(zai)結構方面更(geng)(geng)為簡化，對其進行(xing)改(gai)造或放(fang)電(dian)更(geng)(geng)加便捷(jie)。
（二(er)）壽命方面(mian)對(dui)比
當蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)結束后需要進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)才能正常(chang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)會導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短(duan)，一般要短(duan)于標準使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)5～10年(nian)時間，限制了蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池直流屏(ping)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)穩定發(fa)揮。而超級電(dian)容(rong)直流屏(ping)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)更長，這是(shi)由于其不存在過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、過(guo)放電(dian)問題(ti)，在生產(chan)期(qi)間限定最高充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓即可滿足維護需要，有效(xiao)避免了超級電(dian)容(rong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)減(jian)短(duan)。
（三）維護方面對比
從直流屏維(wei)(wei)護角度來看，變電(dian)站的(de)日常(chang)維(wei)(wei)護工作量較(jiao)大，不僅要定期對蓄電(dian)池進行檢測(ce)、更新，還要對電(dian)池內部的(de)線路連接綜(zong)合監測(ce)，給(gei)工作人員造成了(le)很大的(de)難度。但超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)直流屏用于變電(dian)站無需(xu)過多的(de)維(wei)(wei)護，在安裝(zhuang)初期對直流屏裝(zhuang)置全面檢測(ce)達標后(hou)即可長期使用。從性能(neng)恢復(fu)(fu)來說(shuo)，蓄電(dian)池放電(dian)后(hou)要經過幾個小時(shi)的(de)恢復(fu)(fu)才能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)，超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)僅需(xu)3～5分鐘即可復(fu)(fu)原電(dian)能(neng)。保(bao)持(chi)了(le)變電(dian)站的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)。
五(wu)、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操作系(xi)統是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)正常運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)基本保證，其(qi)能夠及時將電(dian)(dian)(dian)流輸送到各(ge)(ge)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設備中(zhong)(zhong)供應(ying)使(shi)用(yong)。伴隨著(zhu)社會現代化發(fa)展步伐的(de)(de)(de)加快(kuai)，我(wo)國變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)建設面臨著(zhu)新的(de)(de)(de)改革優(you)化，各(ge)(ge)種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏逐漸被(bei)其(qi)他(ta)形式的(de)(de)(de)裝置所取代，這對(dui)于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)未(wei)來的(de)(de)(de)革新發(fa)展大有幫(bang)助。超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏的(de)(de)(de)先進技術，其(qi)在性能、維護(hu)、壽命、故障等方面都(dou)明顯優(you)越于傳統的(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)得(de)到全面推廣使(shi)用(yong)。
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