關于變電站直流屏技術的分析研究
2019/6/10 14:30:31??????點擊：
直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)是(shi)變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)正常運行的(de)(de)(de)重要組(zu)成，其能(neng)夠持續向變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)輸送穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，滿足了電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備操作運行的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需求。從(cong)實際運用(yong)情況(kuang)來說，變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)在使用(yong)壽(shou)命及電(dian)(dian)能(neng)供應方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)難以達(da)到標準要求，制約(yue)了直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操作系統性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)發揮(hui)。研究發現采用(yong)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)可有效解(jie)決直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供應難題(ti)，經過改進后的(de)(de)(de)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)在性(xing)能(neng)、壽(shou)命、穩定(ding)等(deng)方(fang)面都(dou)有了很大的(de)(de)(de)改善，其與(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)屏(ping)相比(bi)存在明顯的(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢。
直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)系(xi)統簡稱“直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)”，在變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中向各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備提供穩(wen)定的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，也(ye)是現代變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)核心的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術不僅(jin)保護了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運行，對于其他元件(jian)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定操(cao)(cao)(cao)控也(ye)起(qi)到很好的(de)(de)保護作(zuo)用。對變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)存在的(de)(de)問題進行深(shen)入分析(xi)，可(ke)以保證持續性的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供應，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備及(ji)相關模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)操(cao)(cao)(cao)控創造有利的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業積極引入直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術可(ke)加快變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)自動化、智能化發展，提高變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)設備運行的(de)(de)整體效率。
一、當前變(bian)電(dian)站直(zhi)流屏存在的問(wen)題(ti)
國內變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)柜(ju)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊、監(jian)控(kong)模(mo)塊、電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)、降(jiang)壓硅鏈等結構組(zu)成，每一個模(mo)塊都(dou)對直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)發揮重要的(de)作用(yong)。從行(xing)業發展趨(qu)勢分析(xi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)，其屬于數字(zi)化調(diao)(diao)控(kong)模(mo)式(shi)下(xia)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系統，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)具有調(diao)(diao)控(kong)、保護、管(guan)理(li)、監(jian)測等多方面作用(yong)。目前，變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)技術具備了遠程監(jian)測、調(diao)(diao)控(kong)等高級功(gong)能，方便了值(zhi)班(ban)人員(yuan)對電(dian)(dian)力系統運(yun)行(xing)的(de)調(diao)(diao)控(kong)。但直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)存在的(de)一些問(wen)題也應(ying)(ying)該引起技術人員(yuan)的(de)關注，鎘鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)池、密封鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池是常用(yong)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)，其主(zhu)要問(wen)題如下(xia)：
（一）鎘(ge)鎳蓄電池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)
1.性(xing)能問題。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)通(tong)過(guo)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母(mu)線輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要使(shi)用大批(pi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)，以此(ci)來維(wei)持正常的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操控(kong)。如：一般(ban)情況下，大型變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母(mu)線輸出220V，需使(shi)用200只左右(you)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)。但鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在生(sheng)產處理期間，廠家無法(fa)保證每只蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能完全一致，200只蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合起來會(hui)產生(sheng)明顯的(de)特性(xing)差異(yi)。鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)在供應(ying)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后所連接的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一致，并且(qie)負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)對象相同。這種特點導致局部(bu)鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)性(xing)能減弱，降低(di)了整個(ge)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)功(gong)能。
2.壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)問題。由于(yu)鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組合(he)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)運行(xing)時本質上處(chu)于(yu)“浮充(chong)狀態”，此時鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)取決(jue)于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。按照行(xing)業標(biao)準里的(de)(de)(de)規定，廠家對(dui)鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)保證命(ming)(ming)在10年(nian)以上，而具體使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)記錄(lu)情況僅有(you)5年(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)時間。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)縮(suo)短的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)是(shi)由94于(yu)俯沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)超標(biao)會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)成氫、氧，這是(shi)造(zao)成蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池炸的(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)，若采(cai)用鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)時未做特殊(shu)處(chu)理，則很容(rong)易(yi)引(yin)起意外事(shi)故。因(yin)(yin)此，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)長短會受到其他方(fang)面因(yin)(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)。
3.氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)問題。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流屏使(shi)用期間也會(hui)出現氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)還原(yuan)(yuan)反應(ying)，使(shi)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳材(cai)料發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)學反應(ying)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)(ge)，造成(cheng)極(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)有效面積(ji)不斷減小。為了避(bi)免氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)還原(yuan)(yuan)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)工作(zuo)人員會(hui)定期對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)“活化(hua)試(shi)驗”分析(xi)。在(zai)(zai)活化(hua)試(shi)驗里需對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)處(chu)理(li)，這(zhe)一(yi)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)會(hui)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)反轉而導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池報(bao)廢。另外，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)還原(yuan)(yuan)反應(ying)在(zai)(zai)破壞(huai)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳直(zhi)流屏性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，對(dui)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)穩定運行(xing)也會(hui)埋(mai)下安(an)全隱患，如(ru)：若把蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池完(wan)全安(an)裝(zhuang)于柜(ju)內，很容易引起燒毀、爆炸等安(an)全事故。
（二）密封鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池直流屏
在(zai)(zai)科學技術(shu)的(de)(de)推動下，國內變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)技術(shu)不(bu)斷發展，許多新的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產品也在(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中得到了(le)普遍運用(yong)。基(ji)于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)不(bu)足，企業(ye)開始采用(yong)密(mi)(mi)封(feng)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。這種產品在(zai)(zai)質量、性能、價格、維(wei)護(hu)等方面均優于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。如(ru)：閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無需進行(xing)過多的(de)(de)維(wei)護(hu)或加水處理，為(wei)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)操(cao)作人員提供了(le)很大的(de)(de)方便(bian)。但該直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)處于(yu)“全密(mi)(mi)封(feng)”狀態(tai)也引起了(le)諸多問題，尤其是在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)觀測(ce)、檢(jian)查等操(cao)作時，維(wei)護(hu)人員難以及時更(geng)新裝(zhuang)置。另(ling)外(wai)，由(you)于(yu)國內閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)相對落后，產品運用(yong)于(yu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)時壽命無保障，并(bing)且對于(yu)閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)運行(xing)條(tiao)件(jian)十分(fen)嚴格，給變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)正常(chang)生產造成了(le)很大的(de)(de)困(kun)難。
二、影響閾(yu)控蓄(xu)電池(chi)壽命的因素
使用壽命是(shi)制(zhi)約閥控蓄電池(chi)推廣(guang)的重要(yao)因
素，各大、中(zhong)、小型變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)采用(yong)這種電(dian)(dian)源裝置均(jun)會考慮(lv)使用(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)年限(xian)，以控制變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)運(yun)行成本。經試驗數據分析，對閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)壽(shou)命造成影響的(de)因(yin)素集中(zhong)在溫度因(yin)素、放電(dian)(dian)因(yin)素、失水因(yin)素、腐蝕因(yin)素，等(deng)等(deng)。
（一）溫度(du)因(yin)素
盡管閥(fa)控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池運用于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站還存(cun)在(zai)明顯的不足，但與鎘鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相比(bi)已經有(you)了很大(da)的改(gai)進(jin)，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操作(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)的運行創造了更好(hao)的條件。閥(fa)控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命對溫度十分(fen)敏感，生產廠家要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池運行環境(jing)溫為15℃～25℃，當環境(jing)溫度超過25℃后，每(mei)升高10℃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命就要縮短一(yi)半(ban)。
（二）放(fang)電因(yin)素
蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)被(bei)過(guo)(guo)度放電(dian)是影響蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)的另(ling)一重要因素。當(dang)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)被(bei)過(guo)(guo)度放電(dian)到(dao)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓為零時，會(hui)導致電(dian)池(chi)內部有大量的硫酸鉛被(bei)吸付(fu)到(dao)電(dian)池(chi)的陰極(ji)表面，形成電(dian)池(chi)陰極(ji)的硫酸鹽(yan)化。在陰極(ji)板上形成的硫酸鹽(yan)越多，電(dian)池(chi)的內阻越大，閥控(kong)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)會(hui)大大減短。
（三）腐蝕因素(su)
板柵(zha)腐(fu)蝕是(shi)影響(xiang)蓄電池使(shi)用壽命的重要原因(yin)。在開路狀(zhuang)態下，鉛合金與活性二氧(yang)化鉛直接(jie)接(jie)觸，而且共同(tong)浸在硫(liu)酸溶液中。在過充電狀(zhuang)態下，正極(ji)由于析氧(yang)反應(ying)，水(shui)被消耗，H增加，從而導致正極(ji)附近酸度增高。電池的柵(zha)板就會變薄，容量降低，會縮短使(shi)用壽命。
（四(si)）浮充因素
變電站(zhan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的蓄電池(chi)大(da)(da)多數都處于(yu)長期的浮充電狀態(tai)下，這樣(yang)會造(zao)成蓄電池(chi)的陽極極板(ban)鈍化，使(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電池(chi)內阻急(ji)劇增(zeng)大(da)(da)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電池(chi)的實際(ji)容量(Ah)遠遠低于(yu)其(qi)標(biao)準容量，從(cong)而導致蓄電池(chi)所能(neng)提供的實際(ji)后備(bei)供電時間大(da)(da)大(da)(da)縮短(duan)，減少其(qi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命。
（五）失水因素
蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)也(ye)是影(ying)響其使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命的(de)因素(su)之一，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)會導致電(dian)(dian)解液比重增加，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)柵(zha)板的(de)腐蝕，使(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)活性物質減少，從而(er)使(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)降低而(er)導致其使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命減少。當失(shi)(shi)水(shui)5.5％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)降到(dao)75％；失(shi)(shi)水(shui)達到(dao)25％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)基本(ben)消失(shi)(shi)。
三(san)、超級電(dian)容用于(yu)直流屏的(de)有(you)關試驗
為了證明(ming)超級電容用于變電站(zhan)直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)中的(de)優點，列舉了幾個常見(jian)的(de)試驗(yan)案例(li)，根據試驗(yan)結(jie)果分析超級電容直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術的(de)綜合性能(neng)特點。
（一）用超級電容對斷路器合閘的試驗
超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)標稱容(rong)(rong)量0.82F，耐(nai)壓(ya)280V，用超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)對斷(duan)路器合(he)(he)閘的試(shi)驗(yan)。試(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法：斷(duan)開615柜合(he)(he)閘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)兩出線端(duan)并接(jie)(jie)在合(he)(he)閘接(jie)(jie)觸器觸頭上(shang)；模擬正(zheng)常方(fang)式合(he)(he)閘，按下合(he)(he)閘接(jie)(jie)鈕，記錄(lu)合(he)(he)閘次(ci)數(shu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。共合(he)(he)閘15次(ci)，每(mei)次(ci)都合(he)(he)閘成功。結果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)95時(shi)，可對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁機構可靠(kao)合(he)(he)閘大于8次(ci)，每(mei)次(ci)合(he)(he)閘使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降5V。
（二）超級電容充電時間(jian)測試
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容的初充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如不(bu)加限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，相當(dang)于發(fa)生短路。生產廠家推薦使用1000W碘(dian)鎢燈作限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，其冷態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較熱態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻小(xiao)近10倍，符合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升后宜減小(xiao)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的要(yao)求。以下(xia)試驗數(shu)據均(jun)是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢燈實(shi)測的數(shu)據。結果：不(bu)同(tong)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)有影響，但不(bu)管什么電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容由零伏(fu)充(chong)至額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時僅需3分鐘。以后，長期(qi)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)0～10mA變化。
（三）超級(ji)電容(rong)自放電測(ce)試
將超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容充(chong)至(zhi)242V后，與負載完全脫離，隔日同(tong)一時(shi)(shi)間測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)容端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。結(jie)果：端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降速(su)度與是否(fou)經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)有(you)關，未經(jing)浮(fu)充(chong)開(kai)始幾(ji)個小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)達(da)2～3V/h，即每小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)下降2～3V，經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)半小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)以(yi)后，自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度明顯變緩，可能(neng)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷來不及分布(bu)均勻(yun)有(you)關。在正常運用時(shi)(shi)，超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容處在長期浮(fu)充(chong)狀(zhuang)態，完全斷(duan)開(kai)負載后可維(wei)持(chi)有(you)效電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)3天（72小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)）。
四、超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)的性(xing)能對比
根據超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電容運(yun)用(yong)于(yu)直流屏(ping)的試驗結果分(fen)析，其不僅(jin)擺脫了(le)(le)傳統蓄(xu)電池直流屏(ping)存在的不足，也顯著提(ti)升(sheng)了(le)(le)變電站(zhan)電力系統運(yun)行(xing)的效(xiao)率，為操作人員(yuan)的系統控制與改造提(ti)供了(le)(le)足夠(gou)的直流電源。為了(le)(le)驗證超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電容直流屏(ping)的諸多優勢(shi)，本文以使用(yong)性能為重(zhong)點，從故障、壽命、維護(hu)等(deng)方面，對超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電容直流屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電池直流屏(ping)進行(xing)綜(zong)合(he)對比。
（一）故(gu)障方面(mian)對比
變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站不管采用(yong)(yong)哪一類蓄電(dian)(dian)池，其在使用(yong)(yong)時都(dou)需要(yao)配備相應的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，這(zhe)是保(bao)證蓄電(dian)(dian)池持續供應直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)條件。參照試驗結果判斷(duan)，傳統蓄電(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)故障發生率(lv)明顯高(gao)于超級電(dian)(dian)容直流屏(ping)，不利于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站日常操作的(de)(de)穩定運(yun)行。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)容放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)在結構(gou)方(fang)面更為簡化，對其進行改造或放(fang)電(dian)(dian)更加便捷(jie)。
（二）壽命(ming)方面對比
當(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)結束后需(xu)要(yao)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)才能(neng)正常(chang)使(shi)用(yong)，長(chang)期(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)減短(duan)，一般要(yao)短(duan)于標準使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)5～10年時間，限(xian)制了蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)作用(yong)的(de)(de)穩定發揮。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直流屏(ping)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)更長(chang)，這是由于其不存在(zai)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，在(zai)生產期(qi)間限(xian)定最高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)即可(ke)滿足維護需(xu)要(yao)，有效避免(mian)了超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)減短(duan)。
（三）維護(hu)方面對比
從直(zhi)(zhi)流屏維護角度來看(kan)，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)維護工作量較大(da)(da)，不僅(jin)要(yao)定期(qi)對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行檢測(ce)、更新，還要(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部的(de)(de)(de)線路連接綜合監測(ce)，給(gei)工作人員造成了(le)(le)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)難度。但超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏用于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站無需(xu)過多的(de)(de)(de)維護，在安裝初期(qi)對(dui)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏裝置全面檢測(ce)達標后(hou)即可(ke)長期(qi)使用。從性能(neng)恢復(fu)(fu)來說，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)要(yao)經過幾個(ge)小時的(de)(de)(de)恢復(fu)(fu)才能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容僅(jin)需(xu)3～5分鐘即可(ke)復(fu)(fu)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。保持(chi)了(le)(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五(wu)、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源操作系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)正常運行的(de)基(ji)本保證，其能夠及(ji)時將電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)輸送到(dao)各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)備中供應使用。伴隨著(zhu)社會現(xian)代化發展(zhan)步(bu)伐的(de)加(jia)快，我(wo)國變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建設(she)面(mian)(mian)臨著(zhu)新(xin)的(de)改革優化，各種(zhong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏逐(zhu)漸(jian)被(bei)其他形式的(de)裝(zhuang)置所取(qu)代，這對于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)未(wei)來的(de)革新(xin)發展(zhan)大有幫助。超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏的(de)先進(jin)技術，其在性能、維(wei)護、壽命、故障等方面(mian)(mian)都明顯優越于傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業中應得(de)到(dao)全面(mian)(mian)推廣(guang)使用。
直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)系(xi)統簡稱“直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)”，在變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中向各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備提供穩(wen)定的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，也(ye)是現代變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)核心的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術不僅(jin)保護了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運行，對于其他元件(jian)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定操(cao)(cao)(cao)控也(ye)起(qi)到很好的(de)(de)保護作(zuo)用。對變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)存在的(de)(de)問題進行深(shen)入分析(xi)，可(ke)以保證持續性的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供應，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備及(ji)相關模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)操(cao)(cao)(cao)控創造有利的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業積極引入直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術可(ke)加快變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)自動化、智能化發展，提高變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)設備運行的(de)(de)整體效率。
一、當前變(bian)電(dian)站直(zhi)流屏存在的問(wen)題(ti)
國內變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)由充(chong)電(dian)(dian)柜(ju)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊、監(jian)控(kong)模(mo)塊、電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)、降(jiang)壓硅鏈等結構組(zu)成，每一個模(mo)塊都(dou)對直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)發揮重要的(de)作用(yong)。從行(xing)業發展趨(qu)勢分析(xi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)，其屬于數字(zi)化調(diao)(diao)控(kong)模(mo)式(shi)下(xia)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系統，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供應(ying)(ying)具有調(diao)(diao)控(kong)、保護、管(guan)理(li)、監(jian)測等多方面作用(yong)。目前，變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)采(cai)用(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)技術具備了遠程監(jian)測、調(diao)(diao)控(kong)等高級功(gong)能，方便了值(zhi)班(ban)人員(yuan)對電(dian)(dian)力系統運(yun)行(xing)的(de)調(diao)(diao)控(kong)。但直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)存在的(de)一些問(wen)題也應(ying)(ying)該引起技術人員(yuan)的(de)關注，鎘鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)池、密封鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池是常用(yong)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)，其主(zhu)要問(wen)題如下(xia)：
（一）鎘(ge)鎳蓄電池(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)
1.性(xing)能問題。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)通(tong)過(guo)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母(mu)線輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要使(shi)用大批(pi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)，以此(ci)來維(wei)持正常的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)操控(kong)。如：一般(ban)情況下，大型變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母(mu)線輸出220V，需使(shi)用200只左右(you)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)。但鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在生(sheng)產處理期間，廠家無法(fa)保證每只蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能完全一致，200只蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合起來會(hui)產生(sheng)明顯的(de)特性(xing)差異(yi)。鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)在供應(ying)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后所連接的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一致，并且(qie)負荷放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)對象相同。這種特點導致局部(bu)鎘(ge)鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)性(xing)能減弱，降低(di)了整個(ge)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組合模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)功(gong)能。
2.壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)問題。由于(yu)鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組合(he)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)運行(xing)時本質上處(chu)于(yu)“浮充(chong)狀態”，此時鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)取決(jue)于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。按照行(xing)業標(biao)準里的(de)(de)(de)規定，廠家對(dui)鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)保證命(ming)(ming)在10年(nian)以上，而具體使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)記錄(lu)情況僅有(you)5年(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)時間。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)縮(suo)短的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)是(shi)由94于(yu)俯沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)超標(biao)會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)成氫、氧，這是(shi)造(zao)成蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池炸的(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)，若采(cai)用鎘鎳蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)時未做特殊(shu)處(chu)理，則很容(rong)易(yi)引(yin)起意外事(shi)故。因(yin)(yin)此，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)長短會受到其他方(fang)面因(yin)(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)。
3.氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)問題。變電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠鎘(ge)(ge)鎳蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)流屏使(shi)用期間也會(hui)出現氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)還原(yuan)(yuan)反應(ying)，使(shi)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳材(cai)料發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)學反應(ying)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)(ge)，造成(cheng)極(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)有效面積(ji)不斷減小。為了避(bi)免氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)還原(yuan)(yuan)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)工作(zuo)人員會(hui)定期對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)“活化(hua)試(shi)驗”分析(xi)。在(zai)(zai)活化(hua)試(shi)驗里需對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)處(chu)理(li)，這(zhe)一(yi)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)會(hui)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)反轉而導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池報(bao)廢。另外，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)還原(yuan)(yuan)反應(ying)在(zai)(zai)破壞(huai)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳直(zhi)流屏性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，對(dui)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)穩定運行(xing)也會(hui)埋(mai)下安(an)全隱患，如(ru)：若把蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池完(wan)全安(an)裝(zhuang)于柜(ju)內，很容易引起燒毀、爆炸等安(an)全事故。
（二）密封鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池直流屏
在(zai)(zai)科學技術(shu)的(de)(de)推動下，國內變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)技術(shu)不(bu)斷發展，許多新的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產品也在(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中得到了(le)普遍運用(yong)。基(ji)于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)不(bu)足，企業(ye)開始采用(yong)密(mi)(mi)封(feng)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，簡稱“閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。這種產品在(zai)(zai)質量、性能、價格、維(wei)護(hu)等方面均優于(yu)鎘鎳(nie)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。如(ru)：閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無需進行(xing)過多的(de)(de)維(wei)護(hu)或加水處理，為(wei)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)操(cao)作人員提供了(le)很大的(de)(de)方便(bian)。但該直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)處于(yu)“全密(mi)(mi)封(feng)”狀態(tai)也引起了(le)諸多問題，尤其是在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)觀測(ce)、檢(jian)查等操(cao)作時，維(wei)護(hu)人員難以及時更(geng)新裝(zhuang)置。另(ling)外(wai)，由(you)于(yu)國內閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)相對落后，產品運用(yong)于(yu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)時壽命無保障，并(bing)且對于(yu)閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)運行(xing)條(tiao)件(jian)十分(fen)嚴格，給變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)正常(chang)生產造成了(le)很大的(de)(de)困(kun)難。
二、影響閾(yu)控蓄(xu)電池(chi)壽命的因素
使用壽命是(shi)制(zhi)約閥控蓄電池(chi)推廣(guang)的重要(yao)因
素，各大、中(zhong)、小型變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)采用(yong)這種電(dian)(dian)源裝置均(jun)會考慮(lv)使用(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)年限(xian)，以控制變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)運(yun)行成本。經試驗數據分析，對閥控蓄電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)壽(shou)命造成影響的(de)因(yin)素集中(zhong)在溫度因(yin)素、放電(dian)(dian)因(yin)素、失水因(yin)素、腐蝕因(yin)素，等(deng)等(deng)。
（一）溫度(du)因(yin)素
盡管閥(fa)控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池運用于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站還存(cun)在(zai)明顯的不足，但與鎘鎳蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相比(bi)已經有(you)了很大(da)的改(gai)進(jin)，對變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源操作(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)的運行創造了更好(hao)的條件。閥(fa)控(kong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命對溫度十分(fen)敏感，生產廠家要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池運行環境(jing)溫為15℃～25℃，當環境(jing)溫度超過25℃后，每(mei)升高10℃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命就要縮短一(yi)半(ban)。
（二）放(fang)電因(yin)素
蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)被(bei)過(guo)(guo)度放電(dian)是影響蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)的另(ling)一重要因素。當(dang)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)被(bei)過(guo)(guo)度放電(dian)到(dao)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓為零時，會(hui)導致電(dian)池(chi)內部有大量的硫酸鉛被(bei)吸付(fu)到(dao)電(dian)池(chi)的陰極(ji)表面，形成電(dian)池(chi)陰極(ji)的硫酸鹽(yan)化。在陰極(ji)板上形成的硫酸鹽(yan)越多，電(dian)池(chi)的內阻越大，閥控(kong)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)會(hui)大大減短。
（三）腐蝕因素(su)
板柵(zha)腐(fu)蝕是(shi)影響(xiang)蓄電池使(shi)用壽命的重要原因(yin)。在開路狀(zhuang)態下，鉛合金與活性二氧(yang)化鉛直接(jie)接(jie)觸，而且共同(tong)浸在硫(liu)酸溶液中。在過充電狀(zhuang)態下，正極(ji)由于析氧(yang)反應(ying)，水(shui)被消耗，H增加，從而導致正極(ji)附近酸度增高。電池的柵(zha)板就會變薄，容量降低，會縮短使(shi)用壽命。
（四(si)）浮充因素
變電站(zhan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的蓄電池(chi)大(da)(da)多數都處于(yu)長期的浮充電狀態(tai)下，這樣(yang)會造(zao)成蓄電池(chi)的陽極極板(ban)鈍化，使(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電池(chi)內阻急(ji)劇增(zeng)大(da)(da)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電池(chi)的實際(ji)容量(Ah)遠遠低于(yu)其(qi)標(biao)準容量，從(cong)而導致蓄電池(chi)所能(neng)提供的實際(ji)后備(bei)供電時間大(da)(da)大(da)(da)縮短(duan)，減少其(qi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命。
（五）失水因素
蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)也(ye)是影(ying)響其使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命的(de)因素(su)之一，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)會導致電(dian)(dian)解液比重增加，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)柵(zha)板的(de)腐蝕，使(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)活性物質減少，從而(er)使(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)降低而(er)導致其使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命減少。當失(shi)(shi)水(shui)5.5％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)降到(dao)75％；失(shi)(shi)水(shui)達到(dao)25％時(shi)，容(rong)量(liang)基本(ben)消失(shi)(shi)。
三(san)、超級電(dian)容用于(yu)直流屏的(de)有(you)關試驗
為了證明(ming)超級電容用于變電站(zhan)直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)中的(de)優點，列舉了幾個常見(jian)的(de)試驗(yan)案例(li)，根據試驗(yan)結(jie)果分析超級電容直流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)技術的(de)綜合性能(neng)特點。
（一）用超級電容對斷路器合閘的試驗
超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)標稱容(rong)(rong)量0.82F，耐(nai)壓(ya)280V，用超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)對斷(duan)路器合(he)(he)閘的試(shi)驗(yan)。試(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法：斷(duan)開615柜合(he)(he)閘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源；將已充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)兩出線端(duan)并接(jie)(jie)在合(he)(he)閘接(jie)(jie)觸器觸頭上(shang)；模擬正(zheng)常方(fang)式合(he)(he)閘，按下合(he)(he)閘接(jie)(jie)鈕，記錄(lu)合(he)(he)閘次(ci)數(shu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。共合(he)(he)閘15次(ci)，每(mei)次(ci)都合(he)(he)閘成功。結果：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至10%額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)95時(shi)，可對CD-Ⅱ型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁機構可靠(kao)合(he)(he)閘大于8次(ci)，每(mei)次(ci)合(he)(he)閘使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降5V。
（二）超級電容充電時間(jian)測試
超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容的初充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如不(bu)加限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，相當(dang)于發(fa)生短路。生產廠家推薦使用1000W碘(dian)鎢燈作限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，其冷態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較熱態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻小(xiao)近10倍，符合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升后宜減小(xiao)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的要(yao)求。以下(xia)試驗數(shu)據均(jun)是串入1000W碘(dian)鎢燈實(shi)測的數(shu)據。結果：不(bu)同(tong)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)有影響，但不(bu)管什么電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容由零伏(fu)充(chong)至額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時僅需3分鐘。以后，長期(qi)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)0～10mA變化。
（三）超級(ji)電容(rong)自放電測(ce)試
將超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容充(chong)至(zhi)242V后，與負載完全脫離，隔日同(tong)一時(shi)(shi)間測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)容端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。結(jie)果：端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降速(su)度與是否(fou)經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)有(you)關，未經(jing)浮(fu)充(chong)開(kai)始幾(ji)個小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)達(da)2～3V/h，即每小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)下降2～3V，經(jing)過浮(fu)充(chong)半小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)以(yi)后，自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度明顯變緩，可能(neng)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷來不及分布(bu)均勻(yun)有(you)關。在正常運用時(shi)(shi)，超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容處在長期浮(fu)充(chong)狀(zhuang)態，完全斷(duan)開(kai)負載后可維(wei)持(chi)有(you)效電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)3天（72小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)）。
四、超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏(ping)的性(xing)能對比
根據超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電容運(yun)用(yong)于(yu)直流屏(ping)的試驗結果分(fen)析，其不僅(jin)擺脫了(le)(le)傳統蓄(xu)電池直流屏(ping)存在的不足，也顯著提(ti)升(sheng)了(le)(le)變電站(zhan)電力系統運(yun)行(xing)的效(xiao)率，為操作人員(yuan)的系統控制與改造提(ti)供了(le)(le)足夠(gou)的直流電源。為了(le)(le)驗證超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電容直流屏(ping)的諸多優勢(shi)，本文以使用(yong)性能為重(zhong)點，從故障、壽命、維護(hu)等(deng)方面，對超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電容直流屏(ping)與蓄(xu)電池直流屏(ping)進行(xing)綜(zong)合(he)對比。
（一）故(gu)障方面(mian)對比
變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站不管采用(yong)(yong)哪一類蓄電(dian)(dian)池，其在使用(yong)(yong)時都(dou)需要(yao)配備相應的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，這(zhe)是保(bao)證蓄電(dian)(dian)池持續供應直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)條件。參照試驗結果判斷(duan)，傳統蓄電(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)故障發生率(lv)明顯高(gao)于超級電(dian)(dian)容直流屏(ping)，不利于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站日常操作的(de)(de)穩定運(yun)行。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)容放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)在結構(gou)方(fang)面更為簡化，對其進行改造或放(fang)電(dian)(dian)更加便捷(jie)。
（二）壽命(ming)方面對比
當(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)結束后需(xu)要(yao)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)才能(neng)正常(chang)使(shi)用(yong)，長(chang)期(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會導致蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)減短(duan)，一般要(yao)短(duan)于標準使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)5～10年時間，限(xian)制了蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直流屏(ping)作用(yong)的(de)(de)穩定發揮。而(er)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)直流屏(ping)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)更長(chang)，這是由于其不存在(zai)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，在(zai)生產期(qi)間限(xian)定最高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)即可(ke)滿足維護需(xu)要(yao)，有效避免(mian)了超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)減短(duan)。
（三）維護(hu)方面對比
從直(zhi)(zhi)流屏維護角度來看(kan)，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)維護工作量較大(da)(da)，不僅(jin)要(yao)定期(qi)對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行檢測(ce)、更新，還要(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部的(de)(de)(de)線路連接綜合監測(ce)，給(gei)工作人員造成了(le)(le)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)難度。但超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流屏用于變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站無需(xu)過多的(de)(de)(de)維護，在安裝初期(qi)對(dui)直(zhi)(zhi)流屏裝置全面檢測(ce)達標后(hou)即可(ke)長期(qi)使用。從性能(neng)恢復(fu)(fu)來說，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)要(yao)經過幾個(ge)小時的(de)(de)(de)恢復(fu)(fu)才能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，超(chao)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容僅(jin)需(xu)3～5分鐘即可(ke)復(fu)(fu)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。保持(chi)了(le)(le)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
五(wu)、結論
直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源操作系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)正常運行的(de)基(ji)本保證，其能夠及(ji)時將電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)輸送到(dao)各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設(she)備中供應使用。伴隨著(zhu)社會現(xian)代化發展(zhan)步(bu)伐的(de)加(jia)快，我(wo)國變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建設(she)面(mian)(mian)臨著(zhu)新(xin)的(de)改革優化，各種(zhong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏逐(zhu)漸(jian)被(bei)其他形式的(de)裝(zhuang)置所取(qu)代，這對于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)未(wei)來的(de)革新(xin)發展(zhan)大有幫助。超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏的(de)先進(jin)技術，其在性能、維(wei)護、壽命、故障等方面(mian)(mian)都明顯優越于傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)屏，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業中應得(de)到(dao)全面(mian)(mian)推廣(guang)使用。
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