電力直流屏電池和充電系統的選擇
2019/6/10 14:32:13??????點擊：
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)是(shi)高壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，是(shi)整個配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室(shi)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)，有時(shi)候也可以根據情況配合交流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)使(shi)用(yong)，組成交直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)。直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)主要應用(yong)于(yu)大型水力、火力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，各類變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和其它使(shi)用(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)設備的(de)用(yong)戶，給信號設備、保護、自動裝置、事故(gu)照(zhao)明、應急電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)及斷路(lu)器(qi)分、合閘(zha)(zha)(zha)操作提(ti)供(gong)(gong)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)設備。直(zhi)流(liu)系統(tong)是(shi)一個獨立的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，不受發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、廠(chang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及系統(tong)運行(xing)方式(shi)的(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)外(wai)部交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中斷情況下(xia)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，把(ba)儲蓄(xu)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內的(de)多余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量用(yong)來給高壓柜合閘(zha)(zha)(zha)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)、保護設備、應急照(zhao)明系統(tong)等供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)可靠(kao)(kao)性和安全性直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可靠(kao)(kao)性和安全性。因(yin)此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)選擇(ze)上(shang)因(yin)從以下(xia)幾個方面(mian)著手(shou)：
（1）蓄電池的選(xuan)擇
不間斷供電設(she)備，直流(liu)蓄電池(chi)是核心部件(jian)。初期的直流(liu)電源系統大多使用(yong)普通鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電池(chi)，其過載能力低，容(rong)易產生酸(suan)(suan)腐蝕等問題。逐(zhu)漸隨(sui)著人(ren)們對堿性(xing)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳電池(chi)的認識，以及和原(yuan)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電池(chi)做(zuo)比較，總結得出堿性(xing)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳電池(chi)有(you)以下優點:
1、良好的機械強度，體積較小(xiao)，能(neng)承受強大(da)的沖擊和(he)振動，不易損壞(huai)。
2、壓降小(xiao)，自放電(dian)引起的能(neng)量損失(shi)小(xiao)。
3、過放電能力(li)強，不會(hui)因為過充引起(qi)內部短路
4、放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓平穩，壽命長，若(ruo)合理使用，可高達3000多個使用周(zhou)期。
5、根據以(yi)上堿(jian)性鎘鎳電(dian)池的優勢，直流系(xi)統負(fu)載(zai)較重、過載(zai)可(ke)能大（如作為電(dian)磁(ci)操(cao)作機構(gou)的操(cao)作電(dian)源）、安裝(zhuang)地點環(huan)境(jing)良(liang)好、環(huan)境(jing)溫度不高且具備較強維護力量的情(qing)況下，就(jiu)可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)堿(jian)性鎘鑷電(dian)池。反之(zhi)，可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)免(mian)維護的鉛酸電(dian)池。
（2）充(chong)電(dian)系統的(de)選擇
充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)方(fang)(fang)面，目前使用(yong)較多的(de)(de)(de)是可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)分為(wei)主充(chong)(chong)(chong)與浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)兩(liang)個階段(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強充(chong)(chong)(chong)和涓流(liu)(liu)兩(liang)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式。而(er)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式常見的(de)(de)(de)有熱傳感(gan)器法(fa)、定(ding)時(shi)法(fa)、負序(xu)電(dian)(dian)壓斜率法(fa)、伏安(an)法(fa)等(deng)。近年來眾多生產廠家對(dui)(dui)此類直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統，主要在其控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)上不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)改(gai)進，如(ru)(ru)集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、PLC技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、微(wei)機監控(kong)(kong)、"三(san)遙"通訊等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)融合(he)其中(zhong)，使相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)完善，因而(er)目前此類直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)系(xi)統，其產品的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性與實用(yong)性基本能令(ling)人滿意(yi)。但相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機仍存(cun)在輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓諧波(bo)(bo)大(da)、電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)紋(wen)波(bo)(bo)大(da)，穩(wen)流(liu)(liu)精度較難提(ti)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。同時(shi)由于(yu)其一般最多采(cai)(cai)用(yong)主從(cong)備(bei)份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式，在某些場合(he)，系(xi)統可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性仍令(ling)人感(gan)到美中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。所以，國外(wai)在一些對(dui)(dui)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)要求較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)場合(he)逐步采(cai)(cai)用(yong)一種(zhong)較為(wei)新型的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，整(zheng)體結(jie)構采(cai)(cai)用(yong)模塊組(zu)(zu)合(he)方(fang)(fang)式，其模塊原理(li)圖如(ru)(ru)下，即先將(jiang)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)為(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)，再變換(huan)為(wei)高(gao)頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)，高(gao)頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)再經變壓器隔離(li)、全橋(qiao)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)、濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)轉換(huan)為(wei)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)。此種(zhong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)特點(dian)是穩(wen)流(liu)(liu)精度高(gao)，紋(wen)波(bo)(bo)較小，諧波(bo)(bo)失真小，是一種(zhong)高(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。在組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)N個單元模塊組(zu)(zu)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式提(ti)供直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)，因而(er)備(bei)份(fen)程度高(gao)，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統整(zheng)體可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性較高(gao)。此類直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)目前國內已有廠家生產，但在整(zheng)體外(wai)觀等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面略遜于(yu)傳統相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，企業在選擇直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)進行比較取舍。
（3)直流屏(ping)系統維(wei)護
鎘鎳電池在使用中應主(zhu)要注意以下問題：
1）定(ding)期(qi)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組進行大功率的(de)充、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，以激活電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部的(de)化學物質，降低電(dian)(dian)池(chi)惰(duo)性，恢(hui)復電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量。
2）經常檢查(cha)電(dian)池液位，在電(dian)池滿容量時對過高、過低的電(dian)池液位及時進(jin)行調(diao)整。
3）定期檢查電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)濃度，發現比重變化時予以補(bu)堿液(ye)(ye)或加水，必要時重新配制電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)。
4）定期逐個檢查電池端電壓(ya)，對個別電壓(ya)下(xia)降較大的電池，單獨進(jin)行"活化"處理。
5）注意電池環境溫度，最好使電池在40℃以下(xia)(xia)溫度運行，以免加(jia)劇電池的自放電，引起電池容量下(xia)(xia)降。
6）保持電池(chi)(chi)清潔及環境干爽，以(yi)免發生(sheng)電池(chi)(chi)爬堿，導致電池(chi)(chi)容量下降和引起直流系統絕緣降低(di)。平時及檢修時對(dui)電池(chi)(chi)外溢的堿液應(ying)及時用干布擦凈(jing)，切不
可用水(shui)沖洗電(dian)池外(wai)部(bu)。
與鎘鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池相(xiang)比，免維(wei)護鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的維(wei)護運行中維(wei)護工作量較(jiao)小(xiao)，平時(shi)只需注意檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)池各連接完(wan)好(hao)(hao)，保(bao)持連接無(wu)銹蝕(shi)(shi)、腐蝕(shi)(shi)；觀察電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)否出(chu)現(xian)漲肚(du)、變形；密封閥是(shi)否完(wan)好(hao)(hao)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)極柱(zhu)有無(wu)熔融跡象；以及保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)池清潔干燥等(deng)等(deng)。同時(shi)定期檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單體端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，及時(shi)發現(xian)處(chu)理失效電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。
（1）蓄電池的選(xuan)擇
不間斷供電設(she)備，直流(liu)蓄電池(chi)是核心部件(jian)。初期的直流(liu)電源系統大多使用(yong)普通鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電池(chi)，其過載能力低，容(rong)易產生酸(suan)(suan)腐蝕等問題。逐(zhu)漸隨(sui)著人(ren)們對堿性(xing)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳電池(chi)的認識，以及和原(yuan)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電池(chi)做(zuo)比較，總結得出堿性(xing)鎘(ge)(ge)鎳電池(chi)有(you)以下優點:
1、良好的機械強度，體積較小(xiao)，能(neng)承受強大(da)的沖擊和(he)振動，不易損壞(huai)。
2、壓降小(xiao)，自放電(dian)引起的能(neng)量損失(shi)小(xiao)。
3、過放電能力(li)強，不會(hui)因為過充引起(qi)內部短路
4、放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓平穩，壽命長，若(ruo)合理使用，可高達3000多個使用周(zhou)期。
5、根據以(yi)上堿(jian)性鎘鎳電(dian)池的優勢，直流系(xi)統負(fu)載(zai)較重、過載(zai)可(ke)能大（如作為電(dian)磁(ci)操(cao)作機構(gou)的操(cao)作電(dian)源）、安裝(zhuang)地點環(huan)境(jing)良(liang)好、環(huan)境(jing)溫度不高且具備較強維護力量的情(qing)況下，就(jiu)可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)堿(jian)性鎘鑷電(dian)池。反之(zhi)，可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)免(mian)維護的鉛酸電(dian)池。
（2）充(chong)電(dian)系統的(de)選擇
充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)方(fang)(fang)面，目前使用(yong)較多的(de)(de)(de)是可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)分為(wei)主充(chong)(chong)(chong)與浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)兩(liang)個階段(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強充(chong)(chong)(chong)和涓流(liu)(liu)兩(liang)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式。而(er)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式常見的(de)(de)(de)有熱傳感(gan)器法(fa)、定(ding)時(shi)法(fa)、負序(xu)電(dian)(dian)壓斜率法(fa)、伏安(an)法(fa)等(deng)。近年來眾多生產廠家對(dui)(dui)此類直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統，主要在其控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)上不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)改(gai)進，如(ru)(ru)集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、PLC技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、微(wei)機監控(kong)(kong)、"三(san)遙"通訊等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)融合(he)其中(zhong)，使相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)完善，因而(er)目前此類直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)系(xi)統，其產品的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性與實用(yong)性基本能令(ling)人滿意(yi)。但相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機仍存(cun)在輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓諧波(bo)(bo)大(da)、電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)紋(wen)波(bo)(bo)大(da)，穩(wen)流(liu)(liu)精度較難提(ti)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。同時(shi)由于(yu)其一般最多采(cai)(cai)用(yong)主從(cong)備(bei)份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式，在某些場合(he)，系(xi)統可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性仍令(ling)人感(gan)到美中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。所以，國外(wai)在一些對(dui)(dui)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)要求較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)場合(he)逐步采(cai)(cai)用(yong)一種(zhong)較為(wei)新型的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，整(zheng)體結(jie)構采(cai)(cai)用(yong)模塊組(zu)(zu)合(he)方(fang)(fang)式，其模塊原理(li)圖如(ru)(ru)下，即先將(jiang)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)為(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)，再變換(huan)為(wei)高(gao)頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)，高(gao)頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)再經變壓器隔離(li)、全橋(qiao)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)、濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)轉換(huan)為(wei)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)。此種(zhong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)特點(dian)是穩(wen)流(liu)(liu)精度高(gao)，紋(wen)波(bo)(bo)較小，諧波(bo)(bo)失真小，是一種(zhong)高(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。在組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)N個單元模塊組(zu)(zu)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式提(ti)供直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)，因而(er)備(bei)份(fen)程度高(gao)，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統整(zheng)體可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性較高(gao)。此類直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)目前國內已有廠家生產，但在整(zheng)體外(wai)觀等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面略遜于(yu)傳統相(xiang)(xiang)控(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)屏(ping)，企業在選擇直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)進行比較取舍。
（3)直流屏(ping)系統維(wei)護
鎘鎳電池在使用中應主(zhu)要注意以下問題：
1）定(ding)期(qi)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組進行大功率的(de)充、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，以激活電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部的(de)化學物質，降低電(dian)(dian)池(chi)惰(duo)性，恢(hui)復電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量。
2）經常檢查(cha)電(dian)池液位，在電(dian)池滿容量時對過高、過低的電(dian)池液位及時進(jin)行調(diao)整。
3）定期檢查電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)濃度，發現比重變化時予以補(bu)堿液(ye)(ye)或加水，必要時重新配制電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)。
4）定期逐個檢查電池端電壓(ya)，對個別電壓(ya)下(xia)降較大的電池，單獨進(jin)行"活化"處理。
5）注意電池環境溫度，最好使電池在40℃以下(xia)(xia)溫度運行，以免加(jia)劇電池的自放電，引起電池容量下(xia)(xia)降。
6）保持電池(chi)(chi)清潔及環境干爽，以(yi)免發生(sheng)電池(chi)(chi)爬堿，導致電池(chi)(chi)容量下降和引起直流系統絕緣降低(di)。平時及檢修時對(dui)電池(chi)(chi)外溢的堿液應(ying)及時用干布擦凈(jing)，切不
可用水(shui)沖洗電(dian)池外(wai)部(bu)。
與鎘鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池相(xiang)比，免維(wei)護鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的維(wei)護運行中維(wei)護工作量較(jiao)小(xiao)，平時(shi)只需注意檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)池各連接完(wan)好(hao)(hao)，保(bao)持連接無(wu)銹蝕(shi)(shi)、腐蝕(shi)(shi)；觀察電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)否出(chu)現(xian)漲肚(du)、變形；密封閥是(shi)否完(wan)好(hao)(hao)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)極柱(zhu)有無(wu)熔融跡象；以及保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)池清潔干燥等(deng)等(deng)。同時(shi)定期檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單體端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，及時(shi)發現(xian)處(chu)理失效電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。
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