大功率電動汽車充電機的設計
2019/4/12 17:03:08??????點擊：
純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)以鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為動(dong)(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)，充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)，以電(dian)(dian)力做功推動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。不同(tong)于汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)需(xu)要添加汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)，純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在電(dian)(dian)力耗光后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)外(wai)置電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)對其(qi)進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，通(tong)常(chang)單(dan)次行(xing)(xing)駛里程在100～200公里。與傳統汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)相比，純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)在使用(yong)成本上有著(zhu)無以比擬的優勢(shi)，百公里約消耗15度電(dian)(dian)，成本8元，僅相當(dang)于汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)成本1/10。目前(qian)，國家已(yi)著(zhu)手(shou)進行(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)和新能源(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的示范(fan)推廣，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站則是主要環節之一，必(bi)須與電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)其(qi)他領(ling)域實現(xian)共同(tong)協調發展(zhan)。
充電模式
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)能源供(gong)給(gei)系統(tong)(tong)主要由(you)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)和動力蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池構成。另外(wai)，還包括充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監控(kong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理和煙霧(wu)報警(jing)監控(kong)等(deng)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)重要組成部分(fen)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站給(gei)汽車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一般(ban)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)種方式：普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池更(geng)換。普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對于(yu)(yu)容(rong)量(liang)不(bu)超過(guo)5kW的(de)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)220V、50Hz的(de)單相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對于(yu)(yu)容(rong)量(liang)大于(yu)(yu)5kW的(de)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。將(jiang)交流(liu)插頭(tou)直(zhi)接(jie)插在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間大約(yue)需(xu)要4～8小時(shi)。快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一般(ban)不(bu)超過(guo)700V，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般(ban)不(bu)超過(guo)700A。交流(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)隔離型AC/DC充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)50%～100%，并且輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)，功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數(shu)應大于(yu)(yu)0.85，效率(lv)(lv)應不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)90%。
充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應能夠保(bao)證在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中動力蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池單體電(dian)(dian)壓、溫度和(he)電(dian)(dian)流不(bu)超(chao)過允(yun)許值(zhi)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應具備防輸出(chu)短路(lu)和(he)防反接功能。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)至少能為以下三種(zhong)類(lei)型動力蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池中的一種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)：鋰離(li)子蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、鎳氫蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池。
動力電池組充電模式采用“恒流―恒壓”兩階段充電模式。充電開始階段，一般采用最優充電倍率(鋰離子電池為0.3C)進行恒流充電。(C是電池的容量，如C=800mAh，1C充電率即充電電流為800mA）在這一階段，由于電池的電動勢較低，即使電池充電電壓不高，電池的充電流也會很大，必須對充電電流加以限制。所以，這一階段的充電叫“恒流”充電，充電電流保持在限流值。隨著充電的延續，電池電動勢不斷上升，充電壓也不斷上升。當電池電壓上升到允許的最高充電電壓時，保持恒壓充電。在這一階段，由于電池電動勢還在不斷上升，而充電電壓又保持不變，所以電池的充電流呈雙曲線趨勢不斷下降，一直下降到零。但在實際充電過程中，當充電電流減小到0.015C時，說明充電已滿就可停止充電。這一階段的充電叫“恒壓”充電，這一階段的充電電壓：U=E+IR為恒壓值。這是鋰離子動力電池組對充電模式的基本要求。此外，充電系統還必須具有自動調節充電參數、自動控制和自動保護功能。尤其在恒壓充電階段，如果單體電池的充電電壓超過允許的充電電壓時，充電機應能自動減小充電電壓和電流，使該電池的充電電壓不超過允許的充電電壓，防止該電池過壓充電。上海施(shi)能電器設備有限公司始(shi)建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
充電模式
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)能源供(gong)給(gei)系統(tong)(tong)主要由(you)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)和動力蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池構成。另外(wai)，還包括充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監控(kong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理和煙霧(wu)報警(jing)監控(kong)等(deng)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)重要組成部分(fen)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站給(gei)汽車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一般(ban)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)種方式：普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池更(geng)換。普(pu)通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對于(yu)(yu)容(rong)量(liang)不(bu)超過(guo)5kW的(de)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)220V、50Hz的(de)單相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對于(yu)(yu)容(rong)量(liang)大于(yu)(yu)5kW的(de)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。將(jiang)交流(liu)插頭(tou)直(zhi)接(jie)插在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間大約(yue)需(xu)要4～8小時(shi)。快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一般(ban)不(bu)超過(guo)700V，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般(ban)不(bu)超過(guo)700A。交流(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)隔離型AC/DC充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)50%～100%，并且輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)，功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數(shu)應大于(yu)(yu)0.85，效率(lv)(lv)應不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)90%。
充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應能夠保(bao)證在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中動力蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池單體電(dian)(dian)壓、溫度和(he)電(dian)(dian)流不(bu)超(chao)過允(yun)許值(zhi)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應具備防輸出(chu)短路(lu)和(he)防反接功能。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)至少能為以下三種(zhong)類(lei)型動力蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池中的一種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)：鋰離(li)子蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、鎳氫蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池。
動力電池組充電模式采用“恒流―恒壓”兩階段充電模式。充電開始階段，一般采用最優充電倍率(鋰離子電池為0.3C)進行恒流充電。(C是電池的容量，如C=800mAh，1C充電率即充電電流為800mA）在這一階段，由于電池的電動勢較低，即使電池充電電壓不高，電池的充電流也會很大，必須對充電電流加以限制。所以，這一階段的充電叫“恒流”充電，充電電流保持在限流值。隨著充電的延續，電池電動勢不斷上升，充電壓也不斷上升。當電池電壓上升到允許的最高充電電壓時，保持恒壓充電。在這一階段，由于電池電動勢還在不斷上升，而充電電壓又保持不變，所以電池的充電流呈雙曲線趨勢不斷下降，一直下降到零。但在實際充電過程中，當充電電流減小到0.015C時，說明充電已滿就可停止充電。這一階段的充電叫“恒壓”充電，這一階段的充電電壓：U=E+IR為恒壓值。這是鋰離子動力電池組對充電模式的基本要求。此外，充電系統還必須具有自動調節充電參數、自動控制和自動保護功能。尤其在恒壓充電階段，如果單體電池的充電電壓超過允許的充電電壓時，充電機應能自動減小充電電壓和電流，使該電池的充電電壓不超過允許的充電電壓，防止該電池過壓充電。上海施(shi)能電器設備有限公司始(shi)建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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