大功率電動汽車充電機的設計
2019/4/12 17:03:08??????點擊：
純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)以(yi)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為動力(li)源，充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)做(zuo)功推(tui)(tui)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。不(bu)同(tong)于汽(qi)(qi)油發(fa)動機汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)需要(yao)添加汽(qi)(qi)油，純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)耗(hao)光(guang)后(hou)通過(guo)外置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源對其進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，通常單次行(xing)(xing)駛里程(cheng)在100～200公里。與傳統汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)相比，純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)在使用(yong)成本上有(you)著(zhu)無以(yi)比擬的優勢，百公里約消(xiao)耗(hao)15度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，成本8元，僅相當于汽(qi)(qi)油發(fa)動機汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)成本1/10。目前，國家已著(zhu)手進行(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)和新能源汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的示范(fan)推(tui)(tui)廣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站則(ze)是主要(yao)環(huan)節之一，必須與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)其他領(ling)域(yu)實現共同(tong)協調發(fa)展。
充電模式
電(dian)動汽(qi)車能源供給系統(tong)主要(yao)由供電(dian)系統(tong)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)和動力蓄電(dian)池構成(cheng)。另外，還包括充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)監(jian)控、電(dian)池管(guan)理和煙霧報警監(jian)控等。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)部分。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)站給汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)一般分為(wei)(wei)三(san)種方(fang)式：普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、電(dian)池更換。普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，對(dui)于(yu)容(rong)量不(bu)(bu)超過5kW的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)額定電(dian)壓(ya)220V、50Hz的(de)單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)，對(dui)于(yu)容(rong)量大(da)(da)于(yu)5kW的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)額定線電(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)。將交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)插(cha)(cha)頭直(zhi)接插(cha)(cha)在電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)接口，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間大(da)(da)約需要(yao)4～8小時。快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)額定線電(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)，輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)一般不(bu)(bu)超過700V，輸(shu)出電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)一般不(bu)(bu)超過700A。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)隔離型(xing)AC/DC充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)額定電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)50%～100%，并且(qie)輸(shu)出電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)(wei)額定電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)時，功率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)應(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)0.85，效(xiao)率(lv)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)90%。
充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)能夠保證在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中動力(li)(li)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、溫度和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不超過允許值。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)具備(bei)防輸出短路和(he)防反(fan)接(jie)功能。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機至少能為以(yi)下(xia)三種類型動力(li)(li)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的一(yi)種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：鋰離子蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫(qing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
動力電池組充電模式采用“恒流―恒壓”兩階段充電模式。充電開始階段，一般采用最優充電倍率(鋰離子電池為0.3C)進行恒流充電。(C是電池的容量，如C=800mAh，1C充電率即充電電流為800mA）在這一階段，由于電池的電動勢較低，即使電池充電電壓不高，電池的充電流也會很大，必須對充電電流加以限制。所以，這一階段的充電叫“恒流”充電，充電電流保持在限流值。隨著充電的延續，電池電動勢不斷上升，充電壓也不斷上升。當電池電壓上升到允許的最高充電電壓時，保持恒壓充電。在這一階段，由于電池電動勢還在不斷上升，而充電電壓又保持不變，所以電池的充電流呈雙曲線趨勢不斷下降，一直下降到零。但在實際充電過程中，當充電電流減小到0.015C時，說明充電已滿就可停止充電。這一階段的充電叫“恒壓”充電，這一階段的充電電壓：U=E+IR為恒壓值。這是鋰離子動力電池組對充電模式的基本要求。此外，充電系統還必須具有自動調節充電參數、自動控制和自動保護功能。尤其在恒壓充電階段，如果單體電池的充電電壓超過允許的充電電壓時，充電機應能自動減小充電電壓和電流，使該電池的充電電壓不超過允許的充電電壓，防止該電池過壓充電。上海(hai)施(shi)能電器(qi)設備(bei)有限(xian)公司始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
充電模式
電(dian)動汽(qi)車能源供給系統(tong)主要(yao)由供電(dian)系統(tong)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)和動力蓄電(dian)池構成(cheng)。另外，還包括充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)監(jian)控、電(dian)池管(guan)理和煙霧報警監(jian)控等。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)部分。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)站給汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)一般分為(wei)(wei)三(san)種方(fang)式：普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、電(dian)池更換。普通充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，對(dui)于(yu)容(rong)量不(bu)(bu)超過5kW的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)額定電(dian)壓(ya)220V、50Hz的(de)單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)，對(dui)于(yu)容(rong)量大(da)(da)于(yu)5kW的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)額定線電(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)。將交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)插(cha)(cha)頭直(zhi)接插(cha)(cha)在電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)接口，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間大(da)(da)約需要(yao)4～8小時。快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)額定線電(dian)壓(ya)380V、50Hz的(de)三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)，輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)一般不(bu)(bu)超過700V，輸(shu)出電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)一般不(bu)(bu)超過700A。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)隔離型(xing)AC/DC充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)額定電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)50%～100%，并且(qie)輸(shu)出電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)(wei)額定電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)時，功率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)應(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)0.85，效(xiao)率(lv)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)90%。
充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)能夠保證在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中動力(li)(li)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、溫度和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不超過允許值。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)具備(bei)防輸出短路和(he)防反(fan)接(jie)功能。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機至少能為以(yi)下(xia)三種類型動力(li)(li)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的一(yi)種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：鋰離子蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫(qing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
動力電池組充電模式采用“恒流―恒壓”兩階段充電模式。充電開始階段，一般采用最優充電倍率(鋰離子電池為0.3C)進行恒流充電。(C是電池的容量，如C=800mAh，1C充電率即充電電流為800mA）在這一階段，由于電池的電動勢較低，即使電池充電電壓不高，電池的充電流也會很大，必須對充電電流加以限制。所以，這一階段的充電叫“恒流”充電，充電電流保持在限流值。隨著充電的延續，電池電動勢不斷上升，充電壓也不斷上升。當電池電壓上升到允許的最高充電電壓時，保持恒壓充電。在這一階段，由于電池電動勢還在不斷上升，而充電電壓又保持不變，所以電池的充電流呈雙曲線趨勢不斷下降，一直下降到零。但在實際充電過程中，當充電電流減小到0.015C時，說明充電已滿就可停止充電。這一階段的充電叫“恒壓”充電，這一階段的充電電壓：U=E+IR為恒壓值。這是鋰離子動力電池組對充電模式的基本要求。此外，充電系統還必須具有自動調節充電參數、自動控制和自動保護功能。尤其在恒壓充電階段，如果單體電池的充電電壓超過允許的充電電壓時，充電機應能自動減小充電電壓和電流，使該電池的充電電壓不超過允許的充電電壓，防止該電池過壓充電。上海(hai)施(shi)能電器(qi)設備(bei)有限(xian)公司始建于1984年，上海市高新技術企業，中國工業車輛優秀配套供應商，上海電器行業名優產品，主要生產工頻系列充電機，高頻系列充電機，鋰電池充電機，系列放電機，系列充放電機等電器產品。
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