蓄電池充電機的(de)種(zhong)類很多，目前應用最廣(guang)的(de)主要是(shi)密(mi)封鉛(qian)酸蓄電池和鎳鎘電池。這2種(zhong)蓄電池的(de)充放(fang)電原理都是(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)，即(ji)都是(shi)通(tong)過化(hua)學反應產(chan)生(sheng)正負離子形成電流。

　　蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)過程中會產(chan)生(sheng)氧氣，在密封(feng)式蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)中，這(zhe)些正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)氧氣可(ke)以(yi)通過隔膜和(he)氣室被(bei)負極(ji)(ji)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)，整個化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)形成(cheng)一個循(xun)環的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)形式。就密封(feng)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)而言，它的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)壓有(you)限，因(yin)此負極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)速度(du)也(ye)是有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)。如果充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過高(gao)，正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)氧氣的(de)(de)(de)速度(du)過快(kuai)，負極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)速度(du)跟(gen)不上氧氣的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)速度(du)，長時(shi)間之(zhi)后必然造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)失(shi)水，從而誘發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)短路(lu)硫酸化等失(shi)效現(xian)象，損害(hai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)，縮(suo)短其使(shi)用壽(shou)命。同時(shi)高(gao)速率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)化會造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)部(bu)壓力(li)(li)上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫度(du)上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)阻升高(gao)，這(zhe)不僅會縮(suo)短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命，而且有(you)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)永久性傷(shang)害(hai)。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)原理是研究制(zhi)定快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本。一方面，快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)盡(jin)量(liang)加快(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)得到(dao)最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao);另(ling)一方面，又要(yao)保證負極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，使(shi)其能(neng)(neng)夠跟(gen)得上正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)氧氣產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)速度(du)，同時(shi)要(yao)盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)消(xiao)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)化現(xian)象。

　　提高蓄(xu)電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)機速(su)(su)度(du)有2種方式，一是改進蓄(xu)電(dian)池的結構(gou)以(yi)降低其內阻(zu)和提高反應離子(zi)的擴散速(su)(su)度(du)，二是改進蓄(xu)電(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)方法。本文中對充(chong)電(dian)方法作了重(zhong)點論述。