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UPS工頻機和高頻機的區別

2019/6/4 10:04:36??????點擊:

        用戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)購(gou)買(mai)大功率UPS的(de)(de)時候,常常面(mian)臨在(zai)(zai)工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機和高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機之(zhi)間進行選擇的(de)(de)困(kun)惑。就UPS廠商(shang)(shang)方面(mian)而言,當然都認(ren)為是自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)好,“公說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公有理,婆說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)婆有理”。提供(gong)工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機的(de)(de)廠商(shang)(shang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機穩定性和可靠性高(gao);提供(gong)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機的(de)(de)廠商(shang)(shang)會(hui)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機節省(sheng)空(kong)間,成本相(xiang)對(dui)較低等諸如此類的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)。其實,工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機和高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機到底孰(shu)優(you)孰(shu)劣(lie),很難一概而論,可以說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)各有利弊(bi)。用戶(hu)應(ying)當在(zai)(zai)全(quan)面(mian)認(ren)識這(zhe)兩種UPS機型的(de)(de)基礎上,客觀審視(shi)自(zi)(zi)身的(de)(de)應(ying)用和需求,選擇適合自(zi)(zi)己(ji)需要的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)。

  工頻機和高頻機的原理分析

  工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)和(he)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)是按UPS的(de)設(she)計(ji)電(dian)路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率來區分的(de)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)是以傳統的(de)模擬(ni)電(dian)路(lu)原理設(she)計(ji),由(you)晶閘管(SCR)整流器(qi)(qi)、IGBT逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)、旁路(lu)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)升壓隔離變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)組成。因其整流器(qi)(qi)和(he)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率均(jun)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)50Hz,顧名(ming)思義叫(jiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)UPS。高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)通(tong)常(chang)由(you)IGBT高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)整流器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)池變(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)、逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和(he)旁路(lu)組成。IGBT可以通(tong)過控(kong)制加在(zai)門極的(de)驅動來控(kong)制其開(kai)通(tong)與關斷,IGBT整流器(qi)(qi)開(kai)關頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率通(tong)常(chang)在(zai)幾(ji)千赫(he)(he)到(dao)幾(ji)十千赫(he)(he),甚至高(gao)(gao)達上(shang)百千赫(he)(he),遠遠高(gao)(gao)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji),因此(ci)稱(cheng)為高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)UPS。


  在(zai)(zai)工(gong)頻UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中,主路(lu)三相交流(liu)輸入經過換(huan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)感,接到三個(ge)SCR橋(qiao)臂(bei)組成的整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)后(hou)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)成直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),通(tong)過控(kong)制(zhi)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)橋(qiao)SCR的導(dao)通(tong)角來(lai)調(diao)節(jie)輸出(chu)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值。由(you)于SCR屬(shu)于半控(kong)器(qi)(qi)件,控(kong)制(zhi)系統只(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)開通(tong)點,一旦SCR導(dao)通(tong)之(zhi)后(hou),即使(shi)門極驅動撤消,也無法關(guan)斷,只(zhi)有等到其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)零之(zhi)后(hou)才能(neng)自然關(guan)斷,所(suo)以其(qi)開通(tong)和關(guan)斷均是基于一個(ge)工(gong)頻周期,不存在(zai)(zai)高頻的開通(tong)和關(guan)斷控(kong)制(zhi)。由(you)于SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)屬(shu)于降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu),所(suo)以直流(liu)母(mu)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)輸出(chu)的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)輸入交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低,要(yao)使(shi)輸出(chu)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)能(neng)夠得到恒定的220V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),就必須(xu)在(zai)(zai)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)輸出(chu)增加(jia)升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)隔離變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。

  相(xiang)比而言(yan),高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)UPS整流屬于升(sheng)(sheng)壓整流,其輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)直流母(mu)(mu)(mu)線的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比輸(shu)(shu)入線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的峰值高(gao)(gao)(gao),一般(ban)典型(xing)值為800V左(zuo)右,如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接掛接母(mu)(mu)(mu)線,所需要(yao)(yao)的標配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)節數需要(yao)(yao)67節,這樣給實(shi)際應用帶來極大的限制。因(yin)此一般(ban)高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)UPS會單獨(du)配置一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常(chang)的時(shi)候電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變(bian)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)把800V的母(mu)(mu)(mu)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓;市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)故障或超限時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變(bian)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)到800V的母(mu)(mu)(mu)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。由于高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)母(mu)(mu)(mu)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為800V左(zuo)右,所以逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓可(ke)以直接達到220V,逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)后就不再需要(yao)(yao)升(sheng)(sheng)壓變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。因(yin)此,有無隔離變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是工頻(pin)機(ji)與高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)在結構上(shang)的主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)區(qu)別。


  UPS輸出隔離變壓器的作用

  隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)是利用電磁感應原理,對配電或信號進行電氣隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)。隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)在UPS中通(tong)常被設(she)計在逆變(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)輸出端,可以起到增加(jia)UPS性能改(gai)善(shan)負(fu)載(zai)端供電質(zhi)量的(de)(de)作用。通(tong)常,UPS的(de)(de)輸出隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)有以下(xia)四大優點:

  降低零地電壓,優化UPS末端供電網絡

  UPS的(de)逆變(bian)輸出(chu)安裝(zhuang)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器可(ke)以(yi)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)輸入和輸出(chu)之(zhi)間的(de)電(dian)氣連接,從(cong)而(er)有效(xiao)地(di)降低輸出(chu)的(de)零(ling)地(di)電(dian)壓(ya)。由于(yu)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)副邊繞組采用(yong)Y型接法,中性點接地(di)后產生新的(de)零(ling)線,從(cong)而(er)達(da)到(dao)降低零(ling)地(di)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)目的(de)。事實上,HP、IBM、SUN的(de)小型機因(yin)為要保證(zheng)精密(mi)的(de)計算能力(li)與(yu)高可(ke)靠的(de)數據處理傳輸能力(li),都會(hui)對零(ling)地(di)電(dian)壓(ya)有極高的(de)要求,加(jia)裝(zhuang)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器可(ke)以(yi)徹底解(jie)決因(yin)為零(ling)地(di)電(dian)壓(ya)偏高所造成的(de)一些(xie)問題。


  濾除負載端諧波,提高供電質量

  隔(ge)離(li)變壓(ya)器(qi)本身具有電感特(te)性,輸(shu)出隔(ge)離(li)變壓(ya)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)以濾(lv)除負載(zai)端的(de)大量低次諧波,減少高(gao)頻*,并可(ke)(ke)以使高(gao)次諧波大幅度衰減。采(cai)用電源(yuan)隔(ge)離(li)變壓(ya)器(qi),可(ke)(ke)以有效地抑制竄入交流電源(yuan)中的(de)噪聲*,提高(gao)設備的(de)電磁兼容性。

  增強過載短路保護能力,保護負載與UPS主機

  由于其自(zi)身的(de)(de)特性(xing),隔離變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是UPS中工作最為穩定的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件。UPS在正常工作過程中,如(ru)果遇到(dao)大的(de)(de)短路(lu)電(dian)流(liu),變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)會產生反(fan)向電(dian)動勢,延緩短路(lu)電(dian)流(liu)對負載(zai)(zai)以及(ji)逆變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊破壞,具(ju)有(you)保(bao)護(hu)負載(zai)(zai)與UPS主機的(de)(de)作用(yong)。


  “通交流阻直流”,UPS故障時保護負載

  高額UPS的(de)(de)AC/DC變(bian)換(huan)部(bu)分采用(yong)高頻化(hua)(hua)設計,提高了UPS的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)入功率因數(0.98以(yi)上)及輸(shu)(shu)入電壓(ya)范圍,DC/AC逆變(bian)部(bu)分高頻化(hua)(hua)減少了輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)濾波電感的(de)(de)體(ti)積,功率密(mi)度大(da)。由于無輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)隔(ge)離變(bian)壓(ya)器,一旦(dan)逆變(bian)器橋臂的(de)(de)IGBT被(bei)擊穿短路,BUS母線直流(liu)(liu)高電壓(ya)將加到負載上,危及負載的(de)(de)安(an)全。輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)隔(ge)離變(bian)壓(ya)器具有“通交流(liu)(liu)阻直流(liu)(liu)”的(de)(de)能(neng)力,可以(yi)解決此類問題,在UPS發生(sheng)故障時能(neng)夠使負載安(an)全運(yun)行。

  工頻機和高頻機的性能對比

  在可靠性方面,工頻機要優于高頻機

  工(gong)(gong)頻機采(cai)用晶閘(zha)管(SCR)整(zheng)(zheng)流器,該(gai)技(ji)術經過(guo)半(ban)個(ge)多(duo)世紀的發展和革新,已經非常成熟,其抗電流沖(chong)擊能(neng)力非常強。由于SCR屬于半(ban)控器件(jian),不會出現直通、誤觸發等故障。相比(bi)而言,高頻機采(cai)用的IGBT高頻整(zheng)(zheng)流器雖(sui)然(ran)開關頻率較(jiao)高,但是IGBT工(gong)(gong)作時有嚴格的電壓、電流工(gong)(gong)作區域,抗沖(chong)擊能(neng)力較(jiao)低。因此在總體可靠性方面,IGBT整(zheng)(zheng)流器比(bi)SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流器低。


  在環境適應性方面,高頻機要優于工頻機

  高頻(pin)(pin)機是以(yi)微處(chu)理器作為處(chu)理控(kong)制中(zhong)心,將(jiang)繁雜(za)的(de)硬件模擬(ni)電路燒錄(lu)于微處(chu)理器中(zhong),以(yi)軟件程(cheng)序的(de)方(fang)式來控(kong)制UPS的(de)運行。因此,體積(ji)、重量等方(fang)面都有明顯的(de)降低,噪(zao)音也較小(xiao),對空間(jian)、環(huan)境影響(xiang)小(xiao),因此比較適合于對可(ke)靠(kao)性要求不太苛刻的(de)辦公場(chang)所(suo)。正(zheng)因為如(ru)此,許多廠家的(de)中(zhong)小(xiao)功(gong)率UPS普遍推出了高頻(pin)(pin)機。

  在負載對零地電壓的要求方面,工頻機要優于高頻機

  大功率三相高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)零(ling)線(xian)會引入(ru)整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)并作為正負母線(xian)的(de)(de)中性(xing)點,這(zhe)種結(jie)構就不(bu)可避(bi)免(mian)地(di)造(zao)成(cheng)整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)和逆變器(qi)(qi)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)諧(xie)波耦合在(zai)零(ling)線(xian)上,抬升零(ling)地(di)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),造(zao)成(cheng)負載(zai)端零(ling)地(di)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)抬高(gao)(gao),很難滿足IBM、HP等服務(wu)器(qi)(qi)廠(chang)家對零(ling)地(di)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)小于(yu)1V的(de)(de)場地(di)需求。另外,在(zai)市電(dian)(dian)和發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)切換時,高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)往(wang)往(wang)因(yin)零(ling)線(xian)缺失(shi)而必須轉旁路工(gong)作,在(zai)特定工(gong)況下可能造(zao)成(cheng)負載(zai)閃斷的(de)(de)重大故(gu)障。工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)因(yin)整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)不(bu)需要零(ling)線(xian)參(can)與工(gong)作,在(zai)零(ling)線(xian)斷開時,UPS可以保持正常供電(dian)(dian)。

  結束語

  從結(jie)構上講,工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)UPS和(he)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)UPS的(de)差異主要(yao)表現在(zai)(zai)隔(ge)離變壓器上,而工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)對(dui)隔(ge)離變壓器的(de)使(shi)用,在(zai)(zai)很(hen)大(da)程度(du)上提升了UPS的(de)可靠性。從綜合性能方面(mian)來(lai)講,工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)和(he)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)則(ze)各有優劣(lie),至(zhi)少(shao)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)(dang)(dang)前,不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)誰取代誰的(de)問題(ti)。用戶在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)購(gou)設(she)備(bei)的(de)時候應當(dang)(dang)(dang)立足于自身的(de)實際需要(yao),而不(bu)是(shi)盲目跟從。比如(ru),用戶要(yao)建設(she)中大(da)型的(de)數據(ju)中心,那么對(dui)可靠性和(he)穩定性的(de)要(yao)求就應當(dang)(dang)(dang)放在(zai)(zai)第一(yi)位,大(da)功率的(de)工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)UPS就應當(dang)(dang)(dang)是(shi)首選(xuan);如(ru)果是(shi)一(yi)般(ban)的(de)辦公場所(suo)應用,或者主要(yao)考慮到設(she)備(bei)對(dui)空間的(de)占(zhan)用,則(ze)可以采用高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)UPS。

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