UPS工頻機和高頻機的區別
用戶在購買大(da)功率UPS的(de)(de)時候,常常面(mian)臨在工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)進行選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)困(kun)惑(huo)。就UPS廠商(shang)方面(mian)而言,當(dang)然都認為是自(zi)己的(de)(de)好,“公說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公有理(li)(li),婆(po)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)婆(po)有理(li)(li)”。提供工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)廠商(shang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)穩(wen)定性和(he)可靠性高(gao);提供高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)廠商(shang)會說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)節省空間(jian),成本相對較(jiao)低等諸如此類的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法。其實,工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)到底孰(shu)優孰(shu)劣(lie),很(hen)難一概而論(lun),可以(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)各有利(li)弊。用戶應(ying)當(dang)在全面(mian)認識這兩(liang)種UPS機(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),客觀審視自(zi)身的(de)(de)應(ying)用和(he)需求(qiu),選(xuan)擇(ze)適合自(zi)己需要(yao)的(de)(de)產(chan)品。
工頻機和高頻機的原理分析
工頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)和高頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)是按UPS的(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)工作頻(pin)(pin)率來區分的(de)(de)。工頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)是以(yi)傳統的(de)(de)模(mo)擬電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)原(yuan)理設計(ji)(ji),由晶(jing)閘管(guan)(SCR)整(zheng)(zheng)流器(qi)(qi)、IGBT逆變器(qi)(qi)、旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和工頻(pin)(pin)升壓(ya)隔離變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)組成。因(yin)其整(zheng)(zheng)流器(qi)(qi)和變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)工作頻(pin)(pin)率均為工頻(pin)(pin)50Hz,顧(gu)名思義(yi)叫工頻(pin)(pin)UPS。高頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)通常(chang)由IGBT高頻(pin)(pin)整(zheng)(zheng)流器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)池變換器(qi)(qi)、逆變器(qi)(qi)和旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)組成。IGBT可以(yi)通過(guo)控(kong)制(zhi)加在門極的(de)(de)驅(qu)動來控(kong)制(zhi)其開通與關斷,IGBT整(zheng)(zheng)流器(qi)(qi)開關頻(pin)(pin)率通常(chang)在幾(ji)千(qian)(qian)赫到(dao)幾(ji)十千(qian)(qian)赫,甚(shen)至高達上百千(qian)(qian)赫,遠遠高于工頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji),因(yin)此稱為高頻(pin)(pin)UPS。
在工頻UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中,主路三(san)相交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)入經過(guo)換相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感,接到(dao)三(san)個SCR橋(qiao)臂組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)之(zhi)后變(bian)換成(cheng)(cheng)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),通(tong)過(guo)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)SCR的導通(tong)角來調節輸(shu)(shu)出直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。由于(yu)SCR屬于(yu)半(ban)控(kong)器(qi)件,控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)開通(tong)點(dian),一旦SCR導通(tong)之(zhi)后,即(ji)使門(men)極(ji)驅動撤消,也無(wu)法關斷(duan),只(zhi)(zhi)有等到(dao)其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)零之(zhi)后才能(neng)自(zi)然關斷(duan),所以其開通(tong)和關斷(duan)均是基(ji)于(yu)一個工頻周期,不(bu)存(cun)在高(gao)頻的開通(tong)和關斷(duan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。由于(yu)SCR整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)屬于(yu)降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),所以直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)母(mu)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經逆變(bian)輸(shu)(shu)出的交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比輸(shu)(shu)入交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低,要使輸(shu)(shu)出相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)能(neng)夠得到(dao)恒定的220V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),就必須在逆變(bian)輸(shu)(shu)出增(zeng)加升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)隔離變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。
相比而言,高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)UPS整流(liu)(liu)屬于升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)整流(liu)(liu),其(qi)輸(shu)出直流(liu)(liu)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比輸(shu)入線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的峰值高(gao)(gao),一般典型值為800V左右(you),如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接(jie)掛接(jie)母(mu)線(xian)(xian),所需要的標配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)節(jie)(jie)數需要67節(jie)(jie),這樣給實際應用(yong)帶來(lai)極大(da)的限制(zhi)。因此(ci)一般高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)UPS會單獨配(pei)置一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)換器,市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常的時(shi)候電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變(bian)換器把800V的母(mu)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya);市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)故障或(huo)超限時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變(bian)換器把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)到(dao)800V的母(mu)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。由于高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機母(mu)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為800V左右(you),所以逆變(bian)器輸(shu)出相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可以直接(jie)達到(dao)220V,逆變(bian)器之后就不(bu)再需要升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器。因此(ci),有無隔離變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器是(shi)工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機與(yu)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機在結構(gou)上(shang)的主要區別。
UPS輸出隔離變壓器的作用
隔離變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)是利用電(dian)磁感應原理,對配電(dian)或信號進行電(dian)氣隔離的(de)裝置。隔離變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)在(zai)UPS中(zhong)通(tong)常被設(she)計(ji)在(zai)逆變器(qi)的(de)輸出端(duan),可以起到增加(jia)UPS性能改(gai)善(shan)負載端(duan)供(gong)電(dian)質量的(de)作用。通(tong)常,UPS的(de)輸出隔離變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)有以下四(si)大優點:
降低零地電壓,優化UPS末端供電網絡
UPS的(de)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)輸(shu)出(chu)安(an)裝(zhuang)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)輸(shu)入和輸(shu)出(chu)之間的(de)電氣連(lian)接,從而(er)(er)有(you)(you)效(xiao)地降低輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)零(ling)(ling)地電壓(ya)。由(you)于隔(ge)(ge)離(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)副邊(bian)繞組采用Y型接法,中性點接地后(hou)產(chan)生新的(de)零(ling)(ling)線,從而(er)(er)達(da)到降低零(ling)(ling)地電壓(ya)的(de)目的(de)。事實上,HP、IBM、SUN的(de)小型機因為(wei)要(yao)(yao)保證精密的(de)計(ji)算能力(li)與高可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)數據處理(li)傳輸(shu)能力(li),都會對零(ling)(ling)地電壓(ya)有(you)(you)極高的(de)要(yao)(yao)求,加裝(zhuang)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)徹底解決(jue)因為(wei)零(ling)(ling)地電壓(ya)偏高所造成(cheng)的(de)一些問(wen)題。
濾除負載端諧波,提高供電質量
隔(ge)離(li)(li)變壓器(qi)本身具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)感特性,輸出隔(ge)離(li)(li)變壓器(qi)可(ke)以(yi)濾除負載端(duan)的大(da)量低次諧波,減少高頻(pin)*,并(bing)可(ke)以(yi)使高次諧波大(da)幅度衰減。采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)隔(ge)離(li)(li)變壓器(qi),可(ke)以(yi)有效地(di)抑(yi)制竄入(ru)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)中的噪聲*,提(ti)高設備的電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)兼容性。
增強過載短路保護能力,保護負載與UPS主機
由于其自身(shen)的特性,隔離變壓(ya)器(qi)是(shi)UPS中(zhong)工(gong)作(zuo)最為穩定的器(qi)件。UPS在正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)過程中(zhong),如果遇到大的短路電流(liu),變壓(ya)器(qi)會產生反(fan)向電動勢,延(yan)緩短路電流(liu)對負載(zai)(zai)以及逆(ni)變器(qi)的沖擊破(po)壞,具(ju)有保護負載(zai)(zai)與UPS主機的作(zuo)用。
“通交流阻直流”,UPS故障時保護負載
高額(e)UPS的(de)(de)AC/DC變(bian)換部分采用高頻化(hua)設(she)計(ji),提高了UPS的(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率因數(0.98以(yi)上)及輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)電壓(ya)范圍(wei),DC/AC逆變(bian)部分高頻化(hua)減少了輸(shu)出濾波(bo)電感的(de)(de)體積,功(gong)率密度大。由于(yu)無輸(shu)出隔(ge)離變(bian)壓(ya)器,一旦逆變(bian)器橋臂的(de)(de)IGBT被擊穿短路,BUS母(mu)線直流高電壓(ya)將(jiang)加到負(fu)(fu)載上,危及負(fu)(fu)載的(de)(de)安(an)全。輸(shu)出隔(ge)離變(bian)壓(ya)器具有(you)“通交(jiao)流阻(zu)直流”的(de)(de)能力,可(ke)以(yi)解(jie)決此類問題(ti),在UPS發生故障時能夠(gou)使負(fu)(fu)載安(an)全運行(xing)。
工頻機和高頻機的性能對比
在可靠性方面,工頻機要優于高頻機
工頻(pin)機采(cai)(cai)用晶閘(zha)管(guan)(SCR)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi),該技(ji)術經過(guo)半個多世紀的(de)(de)發展和革新,已經非(fei)常成熟(shu),其抗電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)沖擊(ji)能力非(fei)常強。由于SCR屬于半控器(qi)件,不會出現直通(tong)、誤觸發等故障(zhang)。相比而言(yan),高頻(pin)機采(cai)(cai)用的(de)(de)IGBT高頻(pin)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)雖(sui)然開關頻(pin)率較高,但(dan)是IGBT工作時有(you)嚴格的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工作區域(yu),抗沖擊(ji)能力較低。因此在(zai)總體可靠性方面,IGBT整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)比SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)低。
在環境適應性方面,高頻機要優于工頻機
高(gao)頻(pin)機是以(yi)微(wei)處理(li)器作為處理(li)控制(zhi)中(zhong)心,將(jiang)繁(fan)雜(za)的硬件模(mo)擬電路燒錄于微(wei)處理(li)器中(zhong),以(yi)軟件程序的方式來(lai)控制(zhi)UPS的運行。因此(ci),體(ti)積、重量(liang)等方面都有明顯的降低,噪音也較小,對(dui)空間、環境(jing)影響小,因此(ci)比較適合于對(dui)可靠性要求不(bu)太苛刻的辦公場所。正因為如(ru)此(ci),許多廠家的中(zhong)小功率UPS普遍推出了高(gao)頻(pin)機。
在負載對零地電壓的要求方面,工頻機要優于高頻機
大(da)功(gong)率三相高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)零(ling)線(xian)會引(yin)入整(zheng)流(liu)器并(bing)作為正負母線(xian)的中性(xing)點,這(zhe)種結構就不可避(bi)免地(di)(di)造成整(zheng)流(liu)器和(he)(he)逆變器高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)諧波耦合在零(ling)線(xian)上,抬(tai)升零(ling)地(di)(di)電壓,造成負載端零(ling)地(di)(di)電壓抬(tai)高(gao),很難(nan)滿足(zu)IBM、HP等服務器廠家對零(ling)地(di)(di)電壓小于(yu)1V的場地(di)(di)需(xu)求(qiu)。另外,在市電和(he)(he)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)切換時(shi),高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)往往因零(ling)線(xian)缺失(shi)而必(bi)須轉旁路工(gong)(gong)作,在特定工(gong)(gong)況下(xia)可能(neng)造成負載閃斷(duan)的重大(da)故障(zhang)。工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)因整(zheng)流(liu)器不需(xu)要零(ling)線(xian)參(can)與工(gong)(gong)作,在零(ling)線(xian)斷(duan)開時(shi),UPS可以保持正常供電。
結束語
從(cong)(cong)結構上講,工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)UPS和高(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)UPS的(de)(de)(de)差異主(zhu)(zhu)要表現(xian)在(zai)隔離變(bian)壓器(qi)上,而工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)對隔離變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)使用,在(zai)很(hen)大程度(du)上提升了UPS的(de)(de)(de)可靠性。從(cong)(cong)綜合(he)性能方(fang)面來講,工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)和高(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)則各有優劣,至少在(zai)當前(qian),不存在(zai)誰取代誰的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。用戶在(zai)選(xuan)購設備的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候應(ying)(ying)當立足于自身的(de)(de)(de)實際需要,而不是盲(mang)目跟從(cong)(cong)。比如,用戶要建設中大型的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)中心,那么對可靠性和穩定性的(de)(de)(de)要求就應(ying)(ying)當放在(zai)第一位,大功率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)UPS就應(ying)(ying)當是首(shou)選(xuan);如果是一般的(de)(de)(de)辦公(gong)場(chang)所應(ying)(ying)用,或者主(zhu)(zhu)要考慮(lv)到設備對空間的(de)(de)(de)占用,則可以采用高(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)UPS。
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