充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是采用高(gao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)源技術(shu)，運用先進的(de)智(zhi)能動(dong)態調整充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)。它(ta)采用恒流/恒壓(ya)/小(xiao)恒流智(zhi)能三個階段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式，具(ju)有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效率(lv)高(gao)，操作簡單，重量輕，體(ti)積小(xiao)等特點(dian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是我國(guo)廣泛在華北(bei)地區(qu)，機(ji)器(qi)(qi)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(如變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)感、電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)等)都較大(da)，一般在帶載較大(da)運行(xing)時存在較小(xiao)噪聲，但(dan)該(gai)機(ji)型在惡劣(lie)的(de)電(dian)(dian)網環境條件(jian)中耐抗(kang)性能較強(qiang)，可靠性及(ji)穩定(ding)性均比高(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)強(qiang)。

??1 電動汽車充(chong)電機種(zhong)類

??電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，按照(zhao)是否固定在汽車(che)(che)(che)上，劃(hua)分為車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和非車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)兩(liang)類。非車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)又分成(cheng)交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁和直(zhi)(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁兩(liang)種。車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，以交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源作(zuo)為輸(shu)(shu)入，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)為直(zhi)(zhi)流，直(zhi)(zhi)接給動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);非車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)直(zhi)(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，交流輸(shu)(shu)入，直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)，可以直(zhi)(zhi)接給動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前者(zhe)功(gong)率較(jiao)(jiao)小，后(hou)者(zhe)較(jiao)(jiao)大。另外一(yi)(yi)種，交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁，交流作(zuo)為輸(shu)(shu)入，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)也是交流，不能(neng)(neng)直(zhi)(zhi)接給動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，需要(yao)連接車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，進行交直(zhi)(zhi)流轉換，才能(neng)(neng)實現充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁內部比較(jiao)(jiao)簡單，基本功(gong)能(neng)(neng)就是將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引出(chu)(chu)到方便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的位置(zhi)，并(bing)提(ti)供一(yi)(yi)個標(biao)準的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接口。受(shou)到車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的限(xian)制(zhi)，交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁功(gong)率一(yi)(yi)般也不需要(yao)太大。

??2 車載充電(dian)(dian)機在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車上的位置

??車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)機作(zuo)為電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)氣系統的(de)一(yi)部分，被固定在(zai)底盤上。車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)機的(de)輸入端(duan)，以標準充(chong)電(dian)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)的(de)形式固定在(zai)車(che)體上，用于連(lian)接(jie)(jie)外部電(dian)源。車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)機的(de)輸出端(duan)，直接(jie)(jie)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)動(dong)力電(dian)池包慢充(chong)電(dian)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)。在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)CAN總(zong)線通訊拓撲(pu)結(jie)構中，車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)機作(zuo)為一(yi)個節(jie)點，掛在(zai)CAN總(zong)線上，通過(guo)CAN與(yu)整車(che)控(kong)制器(qi)交換數據。

??3 充電模(mo)式

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)指充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以怎樣的(de)(de)規定(ding)性提供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)，對(dui)(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命都會產生(sheng)顯(xian)著(zhu)影響。主要(yao)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)有(you)(you)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，先(xian)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)后(hou)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同向脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和正(zheng)負脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾類。在基(ji)本類型的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，一(yi)直(zhi)有(you)(you)研究人(ren)員在探索更為合理高效的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。比如(ru)，結合恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，中間采用正(zheng)負脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。在較長(chang)時間脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)正(zheng)向充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后(hou)，夾(jia)雜短暫的(de)(de)負向脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用以消(xiao)除正(zheng)向充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中產生(sheng)的(de)(de)極(ji)化(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)，降(jiang)低回路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，進(jin)而提高了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率，同時對(dui)(dui)降(jiang)低充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)也有(you)(you)正(zheng)向作(zuo)用。

??4 充電截止條件

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式另一(yi)個被討(tao)論最(zui)多的點(dian)，是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條(tiao)件(jian)。可以被用作(zuo)(zuo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止的判(pan)據，常見的有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)包(bao)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)包(bao)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條(tiao)件(jian)：在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)后(hou)期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)包(bao)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的進行而逐(zhu)漸提高(gao)，達(da)到(dao)(dao)某一(yi)個設(she)定閾值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)結束(shu)。在(zai)這個過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的設(she)置數值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)較高(gao)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)包(bao)中(zhong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯的一(yi)致性又不是(shi)特別好，可能出現單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)已經到(dao)(dao)了報(bao)警閾值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)依然(ran)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)觸及截(jie)(jie)止值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的情況。單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條(tiao)件(jian)：把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理(li)系統監(jian)測到(dao)(dao)的單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)中(zhong)最(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)判(pan)據，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到(dao)(dao)設(she)定的截(jie)(jie)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)結束(shu)。由于單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)之間(jian)不一(yi)致性的存在(zai)，如果沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)合(he)理(li)的均衡措施，必(bi)然(ran)存在(zai)著一(yi)批(pi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)達(da)到(dao)(dao)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條(tiao)件(jian)：接近(jin)滿充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)恒定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)則逐(zhu)漸減小，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減小到(dao)(dao)設(she)定閾值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)結束(shu)。

??5 車載充電機工作原理

??控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單元(yuan)，采(cai)樣輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經過處理(li)后將實時(shi)值傳(chuan)遞(di)給(gei)(gei)PID(一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)閉(bi)環自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術，是比(bi)例(li)、積(ji)分(fen)、微分(fen)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)的(de)(de)簡稱)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回(hui)路(lu)，由控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)比(bi)較(jiao)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)值與期望值之間的(de)(de)差距(ju)，再將調(diao)節要求(qiu)傳(chuan)遞(di)給(gei)(gei)PWM回(hui)路(lu)(PWM脈沖(chong)寬(kuan)度(du)調(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術)，用(yong)脈沖(chong)寬(kuan)度(du)變化去(qu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)回(hui)路(lu)中功(gong)(gong)率器(qi)件的(de)(de)開閉(bi)時(shi)間的(de)(de)長短，最終實現輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)盡量(liang)(liang)接近于(yu)主控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統要求(qiu)的(de)(de)數值。低(di)壓(ya)(ya)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)單元(yuan)，是一(yi)(yi)個標準低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)源，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)12V或(huo)者24V，用(yong)于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)期間，給(gei)(gei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)上的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)供電(dian)(dian)，比(bi)如電(dian)(dian)池管(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統、熱管(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統、汽車(che)儀(yi)表等。功(gong)(gong)率單元(yuan)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)包括輸(shu)入整流(liu)(liu)，逆變電(dian)(dian)路(lu)和(he)輸(shu)出整流(liu)(liu)3個部分(fen)，將輸(shu)入的(de)(de)工頻交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉化成適合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池系(xi)(xi)統能夠接受(shou)的(de)(de)適當(dang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)。輸(shu)出端口(kou)(kou)(kou)，包括低(di)壓(ya)(ya)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)源正負(fu)(fu)極(ji)兩(liang)個pin口(kou)(kou)(kou)，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)正負(fu)(fu)極(ji)兩(liang)個pin口(kou)(kou)(kou)，底盤地，通(tong)訊線CANH和(he)CANL(還可以有CAN屏蔽)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信號(hao)線。其中，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)連個pin口(kou)(kou)(kou)與電(dian)(dian)池包相連;充(chong)電(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信號(hao)線用(yong)于(yu)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)輸(shu)入端口(kou)(kou)(kou)與外部電(dian)(dian)源之間完成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)連接確(que)認(ren)以后，通(tong)過“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信號(hao)”線向(xiang)車(che)輛控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)發送充(chong)電(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信號(hao)，同(tong)時(shi)或(huo)延(yan)時(shi)一(yi)(yi)小段時(shi)間后，用(yong)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)源給(gei)(gei)整車(che)供電(dian)(dian)。