充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機是采(cai)用高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)源技術，運(yun)(yun)用先(xian)進的智能動態調整充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術。它采(cai)用恒流/恒壓/小(xiao)恒流智能三個階段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式，具有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效率高，操作(zuo)簡單(dan)，重量輕，體積小(xiao)等特(te)點。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機是我(wo)國廣(guang)泛在華北地區，機器(qi)內部電(dian)(dian)力(li)器(qi)件(如變(bian)壓器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)感、電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等)都(dou)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，一般在帶載較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時存在較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)噪聲，但該機型在惡劣的電(dian)(dian)網(wang)環境條件中(zhong)耐抗性能較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)，可(ke)靠性及(ji)穩定性均比高頻(pin)機強(qiang)。

??1 電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)種類(lei)

??電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，按照是(shi)否固(gu)定(ding)在汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)上，劃分為(wei)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和非車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機兩(liang)類(lei)。非車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機又(you)分成交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)和直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)。車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，以交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源作(zuo)為(wei)輸(shu)入，輸(shu)出(chu)為(wei)直流(liu)，直接(jie)(jie)給動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);非車(che)(che)(che)載直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)入，直流(liu)輸(shu)出(chu)，可以直接(jie)(jie)給動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前者(zhe)功(gong)率較小，后者(zhe)較大。另外一種(zhong)(zhong)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)作(zuo)為(wei)輸(shu)入，輸(shu)出(chu)也是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)，不能(neng)直接(jie)(jie)給動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，需要連接(jie)(jie)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，進行交(jiao)(jiao)直流(liu)轉換，才能(neng)實現充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)內部(bu)比較簡單，基本功(gong)能(neng)就是(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引出(chu)到方便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)位置，并提供一個標準的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)。受到車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機能(neng)力(li)的(de)限制(zhi)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)功(gong)率一般也不需要太大。

??2 車載充電(dian)機在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)汽車上(shang)的位置

??車(che)(che)載(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統(tong)的一(yi)部分，被固定(ding)在底盤上。車(che)(che)載(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的輸入(ru)端，以標準充電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)的形(xing)式固定(ding)在車(che)(che)體上，用于(yu)連接(jie)(jie)外(wai)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。車(che)(che)載(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的輸出端，直接(jie)(jie)連接(jie)(jie)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池包慢充電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)CAN總線(xian)通(tong)(tong)訊拓撲結構中，車(che)(che)載(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)作為(wei)一(yi)個節點，掛(gua)在CAN總線(xian)上，通(tong)(tong)過CAN與整(zheng)車(che)(che)控制器交(jiao)換數據(ju)。

??3 充(chong)電(dian)模式

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式指充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)以(yi)怎樣的規定性提(ti)供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式，對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命都會(hui)產生顯著影響(xiang)。主要的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式有(you)恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，先恒流后(hou)恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同向(xiang)(xiang)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾類(lei)。在基(ji)本類(lei)型的基(ji)礎上(shang)，一(yi)直(zhi)有(you)研究人(ren)員在探索(suo)更為合理高(gao)效(xiao)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。比如(ru)，結合恒流恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，中間采用正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。在較長時(shi)間脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后(hou)，夾雜短(duan)暫的負(fu)向(xiang)(xiang)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用以(yi)消(xiao)除正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中產生的極化現象(xiang)，降低回路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，進而提(ti)高(gao)了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)，同時(shi)對降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度也有(you)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)作用。

??4 充(chong)電截止條件(jian)

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)另(ling)一(yi)個被討(tao)論(lun)最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)點(dian)，是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條件(jian)。可以被用作(zuo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判據(ju)(ju)，常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池單體(ti)(ti)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)作(zuo)為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條件(jian)：在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程后期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進行而逐漸提(ti)高(gao)，達(da)到(dao)(dao)某一(yi)個設定(ding)閾(yu)值后，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程結(jie)束(shu)。在這個過程中(zhong)，如(ru)果(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置數值比較(jiao)高(gao)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)中(zhong)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致性又不是特(te)別好，可能(neng)出現單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)已經到(dao)(dao)了報警閾(yu)值，而總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)依(yi)然(ran)沒(mei)有觸及(ji)截(jie)(jie)止值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)作(zuo)為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條件(jian)：把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系統監測(ce)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)中(zhong)最(zui)大值作(zuo)為判據(ju)(ju)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達(da)到(dao)(dao)設定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程結(jie)束(shu)。由于(yu)單體(ti)(ti)之間不一(yi)致性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在，如(ru)果(guo)沒(mei)有合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)均衡措施，必然(ran)存(cun)在著一(yi)批(pi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)還沒(mei)有達(da)到(dao)(dao)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流作(zuo)為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止條件(jian)：接近滿充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)恒定(ding)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流則逐漸減小，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減小到(dao)(dao)設定(ding)閾(yu)值以下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程結(jie)束(shu)。

??5 車載(zai)充電機工(gong)作原理

??控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)單元(yuan)，采樣輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經過處理后(hou)將實(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)傳遞(di)給(gei)PID(一(yi)種閉環自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技術，是比(bi)例、積分(fen)、微分(fen)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)簡(jian)稱)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)回(hui)路(lu)，由控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)比(bi)較(jiao)測量(liang)值(zhi)與(yu)期(qi)望值(zhi)之(zhi)間的(de)差距，再將調節(jie)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)傳遞(di)給(gei)PWM回(hui)路(lu)(PWM脈(mo)沖(chong)寬度(du)調制(zhi)技術)，用(yong)脈(mo)沖(chong)寬度(du)變化去控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)高壓(ya)(ya)回(hui)路(lu)中功率器(qi)件的(de)開閉時(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)長短，最終實(shi)現輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)盡(jin)量(liang)接(jie)近于主控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)數值(zhi)。低壓(ya)(ya)輔(fu)助單元(yuan)，是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)標(biao)準低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)12V或(huo)者24V，用(yong)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)期(qi)間，給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)上的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，比(bi)如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系(xi)統、熱管理系(xi)統、汽(qi)車(che)(che)儀表等。功率單元(yuan)，一(yi)般包括輸(shu)入(ru)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)，逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和輸(shu)出(chu)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)3個(ge)(ge)部分(fen)，將輸(shu)入(ru)的(de)工頻交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化成適合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系(xi)統能夠接(jie)受(shou)的(de)適當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。輸(shu)出(chu)端(duan)口(kou)，包括低壓(ya)(ya)輔(fu)助電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源正負(fu)極(ji)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)pin口(kou)，高壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)正負(fu)極(ji)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)pin口(kou)，底盤地，通訊線CANH和CANL(還(huan)可以(yi)(yi)有CAN屏(ping)蔽)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)線。其中，高壓(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)個(ge)(ge)pin口(kou)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包相連(lian)(lian);充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)線用(yong)于，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)輸(shu)入(ru)端(duan)口(kou)與(yu)外(wai)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源之(zhi)間完成充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)確認以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，通過“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)”線向車(che)(che)輛控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)發送(song)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)延時(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)小段(duan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間后(hou)，用(yong)低壓(ya)(ya)輔(fu)助電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源給(gei)整(zheng)車(che)(che)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。