充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)采(cai)用高頻電(dian)(dian)源技術，運(yun)用先進的智(zhi)能動(dong)態(tai)調(diao)整(zheng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術。它采(cai)用恒流/恒壓(ya)/小恒流智(zhi)能三(san)個階(jie)段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式，具(ju)有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效率高，操作簡單，重(zhong)量(liang)輕(qing)，體積(ji)小等特(te)點。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)我國廣泛在(zai)華北地區(qu)，機(ji)器內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)器件(jian)(如變壓(ya)器、電(dian)(dian)感、電(dian)(dian)容器等)都較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，一般(ban)在(zai)帶載較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)運(yun)行時存在(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)小噪聲，但(dan)該機(ji)型在(zai)惡劣的電(dian)(dian)網(wang)環境條件(jian)中耐(nai)抗性(xing)能較(jiao)(jiao)強，可(ke)靠性(xing)及穩定(ding)性(xing)均(jun)比高頻機(ji)強。

??1 電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)機種類

??電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，按照是(shi)否固定(ding)在汽車(che)(che)(che)上，劃分為車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和非(fei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)兩類。非(fei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)又分成交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁和直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁兩種(zhong)。車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，以(yi)(yi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源作為輸(shu)(shu)入，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)為直流(liu)，直接(jie)(jie)給動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);非(fei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，交(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)入，直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)，可以(yi)(yi)直接(jie)(jie)給動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前(qian)者(zhe)功(gong)(gong)率較小，后(hou)者(zhe)較大。另外(wai)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)，交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁，交(jiao)流(liu)作為輸(shu)(shu)入，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)也(ye)是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)，不能(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)(jie)給動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，需要連接(jie)(jie)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，進行交(jiao)直流(liu)轉(zhuan)換(huan)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)實現充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁內(nei)部比(bi)較簡單，基本功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)就是(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引出(chu)到方便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)位置，并提(ti)供一(yi)(yi)個(ge)標準的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)口。受到車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)限制，交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁功(gong)(gong)率一(yi)(yi)般也(ye)不需要太(tai)大。

??2 車載充電機在電動汽車上的位置

??車(che)載充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)電(dian)氣系統的一部(bu)分(fen)，被固(gu)定在底盤上。車(che)載充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的輸(shu)入端，以標準(zhun)充電(dian)接(jie)(jie)口的形(xing)式固(gu)定在車(che)體上，用于連接(jie)(jie)外部(bu)電(dian)源。車(che)載充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的輸(shu)出端，直接(jie)(jie)連接(jie)(jie)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)池包慢充電(dian)接(jie)(jie)口。在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)CAN總(zong)線(xian)通訊拓(tuo)撲結構中，車(che)載充電(dian)機(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)一個節點，掛在CAN總(zong)線(xian)上，通過CAN與整車(che)控(kong)制(zhi)器交換數據。

??3 充電模式

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)指充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以怎樣的規定性提(ti)供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命都(dou)會產(chan)生顯(xian)著影響(xiang)。主(zhu)要的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)有恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，先恒流(liu)后(hou)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)向(xiang)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和正(zheng)負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾類。在(zai)(zai)基(ji)本類型的基(ji)礎上，一直(zhi)有研究人員(yuan)在(zai)(zai)探索更為(wei)合(he)理(li)高效的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)。比如，結合(he)恒流(liu)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，中(zhong)(zhong)間采(cai)用(yong)正(zheng)負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)長時間脈(mo)沖(chong)正(zheng)向(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后(hou)，夾雜短暫的負向(xiang)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)以消(xiao)除正(zheng)向(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)生的極化(hua)現象，降(jiang)低回路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，進而(er)提(ti)高了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率，同(tong)時對(dui)降(jiang)低充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度也有正(zheng)向(xiang)作(zuo)用(yong)。

??4 充電截(jie)止條(tiao)件(jian)

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式另(ling)一(yi)(yi)個被討論最多(duo)的(de)(de)點，是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)條件。可(ke)以被用作充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)的(de)(de)判據，常見(jian)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)(bao)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)(bao)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)作為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)條件：在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程后期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)(bao)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)進行而(er)逐漸(jian)提高(gao)(gao)，達(da)(da)到(dao)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)個設(she)定(ding)閾(yu)值(zhi)后，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程結(jie)束(shu)(shu)。在(zai)這個過(guo)程中，如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)設(she)置數值(zhi)比較高(gao)(gao)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)(bao)中單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)致性又不(bu)(bu)是特別好，可(ke)能(neng)出現單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)已經到(dao)了報警閾(yu)值(zhi)，而(er)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)依(yi)然(ran)沒有(you)(you)觸及截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)值(zhi)的(de)(de)情況。單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)作為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)條件：把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理系統(tong)監(jian)測(ce)到(dao)的(de)(de)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)中最大(da)值(zhi)作為判據，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)的(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程結(jie)束(shu)(shu)。由于單(dan)體(ti)(ti)之間(jian)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)致性的(de)(de)存在(zai)，如果沒有(you)(you)合(he)理的(de)(de)均衡措(cuo)施，必然(ran)存在(zai)著一(yi)(yi)批電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)還沒有(you)(you)達(da)(da)到(dao)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)作為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)條件：接近滿充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)恒定(ding)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則逐漸(jian)減(jian)小，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)小到(dao)設(she)定(ding)閾(yu)值(zhi)以下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程結(jie)束(shu)(shu)。

??5 車載(zai)充電(dian)機(ji)工(gong)作原理

??控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)單元，采樣輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，經過處理后將(jiang)實時(shi)(shi)(shi)值傳遞給PID(一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)閉環自動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技術，是比例、積(ji)分(fen)、微分(fen)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)簡稱)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)回路(lu)，由(you)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)比較測量值與(yu)期望值之間(jian)的(de)(de)差距(ju)，再將(jiang)調節要(yao)求(qiu)傳遞給PWM回路(lu)(PWM脈(mo)沖寬度調制(zhi)(zhi)技術)，用(yong)脈(mo)沖寬度變化(hua)去(qu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)高壓(ya)回路(lu)中(zhong)功率器(qi)(qi)件的(de)(de)開閉時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)長短，最終實現輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)盡(jin)量接近于(yu)主控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)數(shu)值。低(di)壓(ya)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)單元，是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)標準低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)12V或者24V，用(yong)于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)期間(jian)，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)上的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，比如電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統、熱(re)管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統、汽(qi)車(che)(che)儀表(biao)等。功率單元，一(yi)(yi)般包括輸(shu)(shu)入整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)，逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和(he)(he)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)3個(ge)部(bu)分(fen)，將(jiang)輸(shu)(shu)入的(de)(de)工頻(pin)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化(hua)成適合(he)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)系(xi)(xi)統能夠接受的(de)(de)適當電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)端口(kou)，包括低(di)壓(ya)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源正(zheng)(zheng)負(fu)極兩個(ge)pin口(kou)，高壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)正(zheng)(zheng)負(fu)極兩個(ge)pin口(kou)，底盤地，通訊線(xian)CANH和(he)(he)CANL(還(huan)可以有CAN屏蔽(bi))，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)線(xian)。其中(zhong)，高壓(ya)連(lian)個(ge)pin口(kou)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包相(xiang)連(lian);充電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)線(xian)用(yong)于(yu)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)入端口(kou)與(yu)外(wai)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源之間(jian)完成充電(dian)(dian)(dian)連(lian)接確認以后，通過“充電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)”線(xian)向(xiang)車(che)(che)輛控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)發送充電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)信(xin)號(hao)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)或延時(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)小段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)后，用(yong)低(di)壓(ya)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源給整(zheng)(zheng)車(che)(che)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。