充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機是采(cai)用高頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)源技(ji)術，運用先進的智能動態調(diao)整充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術。它(ta)采(cai)用恒流(liu)(liu)/恒壓/小(xiao)(xiao)恒流(liu)(liu)智能三個階段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)，具有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效率高，操作簡單(dan)，重量輕，體(ti)積小(xiao)(xiao)等(deng)特(te)點(dian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機是我(wo)國(guo)廣泛(fan)在華北(bei)地(di)區，機器(qi)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)力器(qi)件(如變壓器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)感、電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng))都較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，一般在帶載(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)運行時存在較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)噪聲(sheng)，但該機型在惡劣的電(dian)(dian)網環境條件中(zhong)耐抗(kang)性能較(jiao)(jiao)強，可靠(kao)性及(ji)穩(wen)定性均比(bi)高頻(pin)(pin)機強。

??1 電動汽(qi)車充(chong)電機(ji)種類

??電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，按照是(shi)(shi)否固定在汽(qi)車(che)(che)上，劃分為(wei)(wei)車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)非車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機兩(liang)類。非車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機又分成交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁兩(liang)種(zhong)。車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，以(yi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)輸(shu)(shu)入，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)給(gei)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);非車(che)(che)載直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)入，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)，可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)給(gei)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前者(zhe)功(gong)率(lv)較小，后者(zhe)較大。另外(wai)一種(zhong)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)輸(shu)(shu)入，輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，不能(neng)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)給(gei)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，需要(yao)連接(jie)車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，進行(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)換，才能(neng)實現(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁內(nei)部比(bi)較簡單(dan)，基本功(gong)能(neng)就是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)出(chu)到(dao)方便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的位置，并提供(gong)一個標準的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口。受到(dao)車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機能(neng)力(li)(li)的限制，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁功(gong)率(lv)一般(ban)也(ye)不需要(yao)太大。

??2 車載充(chong)電機在電動(dong)汽(qi)車上的位置

??車載充(chong)電(dian)機作為(wei)電(dian)動汽車電(dian)氣(qi)系統的(de)一(yi)部分，被固定在(zai)底盤上。車載充(chong)電(dian)機的(de)輸入端，以標(biao)準充(chong)電(dian)接(jie)(jie)口的(de)形式固定在(zai)車體上，用于(yu)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)外部電(dian)源。車載充(chong)電(dian)機的(de)輸出(chu)端，直接(jie)(jie)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)動力電(dian)池包慢充(chong)電(dian)接(jie)(jie)口。在(zai)電(dian)動汽車CAN總線(xian)通訊拓撲結構中，車載充(chong)電(dian)機作為(wei)一(yi)個節點，掛在(zai)CAN總線(xian)上，通過CAN與(yu)整車控制器交換數據。

??3 充電模式

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)指充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)怎樣的規定性提供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)，對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命都會產生顯著影響(xiang)。主要的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)有恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，先恒(heng)流后恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同向(xiang)(xiang)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)正(zheng)(zheng)負脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾類(lei)。在(zai)基本類(lei)型(xing)的基礎上，一直有研究人員在(zai)探索更為(wei)合(he)理高效(xiao)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)。比如，結合(he)恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)采用正(zheng)(zheng)負脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)。在(zai)較長時(shi)間(jian)(jian)脈(mo)沖正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，夾(jia)雜短暫的負向(xiang)(xiang)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用以(yi)消(xiao)除正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)產生的極(ji)化現象，降低(di)回路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，進而提高了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，同時(shi)對降低(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度也有正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)作(zuo)用。

??4 充電截止條件

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)被討論(lun)最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)點，是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)。可以(yi)被用作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)判據，常見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)：在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)后(hou)期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)隨著(zhu)(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)進行而(er)(er)逐漸提高(gao)，達(da)到某一(yi)(yi)個(ge)設定閾(yu)(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)結(jie)束(shu)。在這個(ge)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，如果(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)(zhi)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)設置數值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比較(jiao)高(gao)，而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包(bao)中(zhong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)致性(xing)又(you)不是特別(bie)好，可能出現單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)已經(jing)到了報警閾(yu)(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)總(zong)(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)依然沒(mei)有(you)觸及截止(zhi)(zhi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)情況。單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)：把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理系(xi)統監測(ce)到的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)中(zhong)最(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)判據，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到設定的(de)(de)(de)截止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)結(jie)束(shu)。由于單(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)之間不一(yi)(yi)致性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在，如果(guo)沒(mei)有(you)合理的(de)(de)(de)均衡(heng)措施(shi)，必然存(cun)在著(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)批電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)達(da)到滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)：接近(jin)滿充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)恒定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則逐漸減小，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減小到設定閾(yu)(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)結(jie)束(shu)。

??5 車載充電(dian)機(ji)工作原(yuan)理

??控(kong)制(zhi)單元，采樣輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經過處理(li)后(hou)(hou)將實(shi)(shi)時值傳遞給PID(一(yi)(yi)種閉環自動控(kong)制(zhi)技術，是(shi)(shi)比(bi)例、積分、微分控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)簡稱)控(kong)制(zhi)回路(lu)，由控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)比(bi)較測量值與(yu)期望值之間的(de)(de)差距，再將調(diao)節要求(qiu)(qiu)傳遞給PWM回路(lu)(PWM脈(mo)沖寬度調(diao)制(zhi)技術)，用(yong)(yong)脈(mo)沖寬度變化(hua)去控(kong)制(zhi)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)回路(lu)中功(gong)率(lv)器(qi)(qi)件的(de)(de)開閉時間的(de)(de)長短，最(zui)終實(shi)(shi)現輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)盡量接(jie)近于(yu)主(zhu)控(kong)系(xi)統要求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)數(shu)值。低壓(ya)(ya)輔助(zhu)(zhu)單元，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個標(biao)準(zhun)低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)12V或者24V，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)期間，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車上(shang)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，比(bi)如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理(li)系(xi)統、熱管理(li)系(xi)統、汽車儀表等。功(gong)率(lv)單元，一(yi)(yi)般包括(kuo)輸(shu)入(ru)整流(liu)，逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和輸(shu)出整流(liu)3個部(bu)分，將輸(shu)入(ru)的(de)(de)工頻交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)適(shi)(shi)合動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系(xi)統能夠接(jie)受(shou)的(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。輸(shu)出端(duan)口(kou)，包括(kuo)低壓(ya)(ya)輔助(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正負極兩個pin口(kou)，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)正負極兩個pin口(kou)，底盤地(di)，通訊線CANH和CANL(還可以有(you)CAN屏蔽)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)線。其(qi)中，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)連個pin口(kou)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包相連;充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)線用(yong)(yong)于(yu)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)端(duan)口(kou)與(yu)外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)之間完成(cheng)(cheng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)連接(jie)確認(ren)以后(hou)(hou)，通過“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)”線向車輛控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)發送充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)，同(tong)時或延時一(yi)(yi)小段(duan)時間后(hou)(hou)，用(yong)(yong)低壓(ya)(ya)輔助(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)給整車供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。