充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)采(cai)用高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源技(ji)術，運用先進的智能動(dong)態(tai)調整充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術。它采(cai)用恒(heng)流/恒(heng)壓(ya)/小恒(heng)流智能三(san)個(ge)階段充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，具(ju)有充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率高，操作簡(jian)單(dan)，重(zhong)量輕，體積小等特點。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)我(wo)國廣泛(fan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)華北(bei)地區(qu)，機(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力器(qi)(qi)件(如變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)等)都(dou)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)帶載較(jiao)大(da)(da)運行時存在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)小噪聲，但該機(ji)(ji)型(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)惡(e)劣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網環境條件中耐(nai)抗性(xing)能較(jiao)強(qiang)，可靠性(xing)及(ji)穩定性(xing)均(jun)比高頻(pin)機(ji)(ji)強(qiang)。

??1 電動汽(qi)車充電機(ji)種類

??電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，按照是(shi)否固定(ding)在汽車(che)(che)(che)上，劃分為(wei)(wei)(wei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)非(fei)(fei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)兩類。非(fei)(fei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)又分成交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)兩種。車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，以交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)輸(shu)入，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，直(zhi)接(jie)給(gei)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);非(fei)(fei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)，可以直(zhi)接(jie)給(gei)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前者(zhe)功率較(jiao)小，后者(zhe)較(jiao)大。另外一種，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)輸(shu)入，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)也是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，不(bu)能直(zhi)接(jie)給(gei)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，需(xu)要連接(jie)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，進(jin)行交(jiao)(jiao)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉換(huan)，才能實現充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)內(nei)部比較(jiao)簡單，基本功能就是(shi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)出(chu)(chu)到方便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的位置(zhi)，并提(ti)供一個標(biao)準(zhun)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口。受到車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)能力(li)的限制，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)功率一般(ban)也不(bu)需(xu)要太(tai)大。

??2 車載(zai)充(chong)電機在(zai)電動汽車上的位置

??車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機作為電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車電(dian)(dian)氣系統(tong)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)，被固定(ding)在(zai)底盤(pan)上(shang)(shang)。車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)輸(shu)入(ru)端(duan)，以標準充(chong)電(dian)(dian)接(jie)口的(de)形式固定(ding)在(zai)車體上(shang)(shang)，用于連接(jie)外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)源。車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)輸(shu)出端(duan)，直接(jie)連接(jie)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池包慢充(chong)電(dian)(dian)接(jie)口。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車CAN總線通(tong)訊拓撲結構中(zhong)，車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機作為一(yi)個節點，掛(gua)在(zai)CAN總線上(shang)(shang)，通(tong)過(guo)CAN與整車控制器交換數據。

??3 充電模式

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)指充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以怎樣的規定性提供(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)，對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命都會產(chan)生顯著影(ying)響(xiang)。主要的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)有恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，先恒(heng)流后恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，同向脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和正負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)幾類(lei)。在(zai)基本類(lei)型的基礎上，一直有研究人員(yuan)在(zai)探索更為(wei)合(he)理高效(xiao)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。比如，結合(he)恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，中間采用(yong)正負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。在(zai)較長(chang)時(shi)間脈(mo)沖(chong)正向充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，夾雜短暫(zan)的負向脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)以消除正向充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中產(chan)生的極(ji)化現象，降(jiang)低(di)回路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，進(jin)而(er)提高了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率，同時(shi)對降(jiang)低(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度(du)也(ye)有正向作用(yong)。

??4 充電截止條件

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)被(bei)討論最(zui)(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)點，是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止條件。可(ke)以(yi)被(bei)用作充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判(pan)據，常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)(ti)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包總體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止條件：在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程后(hou)期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行而逐(zhu)漸提(ti)高(gao)，達(da)到某(mou)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)設定閾(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程結束(shu)。在這個(ge)過(guo)程中，如果(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)比較(jiao)高(gao)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包中單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)致性又不是特別好，可(ke)能(neng)出現單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)已(yi)經到了報警閾(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)，而總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)依然沒有(you)(you)觸及截(jie)止值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止條件：把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理系統(tong)監測到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)中最(zui)(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)作為判(pan)據，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到設定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程結束(shu)。由于單體(ti)(ti)之間不一(yi)(yi)致性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在，如果(guo)沒有(you)(you)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)均衡(heng)措施，必然存在著一(yi)(yi)批電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)還沒有(you)(you)達(da)到滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)作為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止條件：接近(jin)滿充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)恒定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)則逐(zhu)漸減(jian)小(xiao)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減(jian)小(xiao)到設定閾(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程結束(shu)。

??5 車載充電機工作原理

??控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單(dan)(dan)元，采樣輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經過處理(li)后將實時(shi)值(zhi)傳(chuan)遞(di)給(gei)(gei)PID(一(yi)(yi)種閉(bi)環自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)，是(shi)比(bi)例、積分(fen)、微分(fen)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)的(de)簡稱)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，由控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)比(bi)較測量值(zhi)與期(qi)望值(zhi)之間的(de)差距，再將調節要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)傳(chuan)遞(di)給(gei)(gei)PWM回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(PWM脈沖寬度(du)調制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu))，用(yong)脈沖寬度(du)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)去控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高壓(ya)(ya)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中功率(lv)器(qi)件(jian)的(de)開閉(bi)時(shi)間的(de)長短，最終(zhong)實現輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)盡量接近于主控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)數值(zhi)。低壓(ya)(ya)輔助單(dan)(dan)元，是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個標準低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)12V或者24V，用(yong)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)期(qi)間，給(gei)(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)上的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，比(bi)如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理(li)系(xi)(xi)統、熱(re)管理(li)系(xi)(xi)統、汽(qi)車(che)儀表等。功率(lv)單(dan)(dan)元，一(yi)(yi)般包括(kuo)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入整流(liu)，逆變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出整流(liu)3個部分(fen)，將輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入的(de)工頻交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)適合動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系(xi)(xi)統能夠接受的(de)適當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出端口(kou)(kou)，包括(kuo)低壓(ya)(ya)輔助電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正負(fu)極兩個pin口(kou)(kou)，高壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)正負(fu)極兩個pin口(kou)(kou)，底盤地，通訊線CANH和CANL(還可以有CAN屏蔽)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號線。其中，高壓(ya)(ya)連(lian)個pin口(kou)(kou)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包相連(lian);充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號線用(yong)于，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入端口(kou)(kou)與外(wai)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)之間完成(cheng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)連(lian)接確認以后，通過“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號”線向車(che)輛(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)發送充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)號，同時(shi)或延時(shi)一(yi)(yi)小段時(shi)間后，用(yong)低壓(ya)(ya)輔助電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)給(gei)(gei)整車(che)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。