充電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)采用高(gao)頻(pin)電(dian)源技(ji)術，運(yun)用先進的智(zhi)能動態調整(zheng)充電(dian)技(ji)術。它采用恒流/恒壓/小(xiao)(xiao)恒流智(zhi)能三個階段充電(dian)方式，具有充電(dian)效率高(gao)，操作(zuo)簡(jian)單(dan)，重量輕，體積小(xiao)(xiao)等(deng)特(te)點。充電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)我國廣泛在(zai)(zai)華北地區(qu)，機(ji)器內部電(dian)力(li)器件(jian)(如變壓器、電(dian)感(gan)、電(dian)容器等(deng))都(dou)較(jiao)大(da)，一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)帶(dai)載較(jiao)大(da)運(yun)行(xing)時存在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)噪聲，但(dan)該機(ji)型(xing)在(zai)(zai)惡(e)劣的電(dian)網(wang)環境條件(jian)中耐抗性能較(jiao)強，可靠性及穩定性均(jun)比(bi)高(gao)頻(pin)機(ji)強。

??1 電動汽車充電機種(zhong)類

??電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，按照是否固定在汽(qi)(qi)車(che)上，劃分為車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)非車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)兩類。非車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分成交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)兩種(zhong)。車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，以交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源作為輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)，輸(shu)出為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)給(gei)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);非車(che)載直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出，可以直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)給(gei)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。前者(zhe)功(gong)率較(jiao)小，后者(zhe)較(jiao)大。另外一(yi)種(zhong)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)作為輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)，輸(shu)出也是交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，不能(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)給(gei)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，需要連接(jie)(jie)(jie)車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，進行交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉換，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)實現充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)內部比較(jiao)簡單，基本功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)就是將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)出到方便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的位置，并提供(gong)一(yi)個標準的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)口。受到車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力的限制，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)功(gong)率一(yi)般(ban)也不需要太(tai)大。

??2 車載(zai)充電機在電動汽車上的位置(zhi)

??車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)作(zuo)為電動汽車(che)(che)電氣系統(tong)的(de)(de)一部分，被固(gu)定(ding)在底盤上。車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)的(de)(de)輸(shu)入端(duan)，以標(biao)準充(chong)(chong)電接(jie)(jie)口的(de)(de)形式固(gu)定(ding)在車(che)(che)體上，用于連(lian)接(jie)(jie)外部電源。車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)的(de)(de)輸(shu)出端(duan)，直接(jie)(jie)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)動力(li)電池(chi)包慢充(chong)(chong)電接(jie)(jie)口。在電動汽車(che)(che)CAN總(zong)(zong)線(xian)通訊拓撲結構中(zhong)，車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)作(zuo)為一個節點，掛在CAN總(zong)(zong)線(xian)上，通過CAN與整車(che)(che)控制(zhi)器交換數(shu)據。

??3 充(chong)電模(mo)式

??充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)指充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)怎樣的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)性提(ti)(ti)供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)都會(hui)產生(sheng)顯著影(ying)響。主要(yao)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)有(you)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，先恒(heng)流(liu)后恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和正(zheng)負(fu)脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾類(lei)。在(zai)基本(ben)類(lei)型的(de)(de)基礎上，一直(zhi)有(you)研究人員在(zai)探索更(geng)為(wei)合(he)理高效的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)。比如，結(jie)合(he)恒(heng)流(liu)恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，中間采用(yong)正(zheng)負(fu)脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)。在(zai)較長(chang)時間脈沖(chong)(chong)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，夾雜短暫的(de)(de)負(fu)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)以(yi)消除(chu)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中產生(sheng)的(de)(de)極化現象，降低(di)回路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，進而提(ti)(ti)高了充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率，同時對降低(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度也有(you)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)作用(yong)。

??4 充電(dian)截止(zhi)條件

??充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式另(ling)一個(ge)(ge)被討論(lun)最(zui)多的(de)點，是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。可以(yi)被用作(zuo)(zuo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)的(de)判據，常見的(de)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)：在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)進行而(er)逐漸提高(gao)，達到(dao)某一個(ge)(ge)設(she)定閾(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)結束。在(zai)這個(ge)(ge)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，如(ru)(ru)果充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)設(she)置數值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)較高(gao)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池包(bao)中單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)一致性又不是(shi)特別(bie)好(hao)，可能(neng)出現單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)已(yi)經到(dao)了報警閾(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)依(yi)然沒(mei)(mei)有觸及截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)情(qing)況。單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最(zui)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)：把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理(li)系統監測(ce)到(dao)的(de)單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)中最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)為判據，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao)設(she)定的(de)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)結束。由(you)于單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間不一致性的(de)存(cun)在(zai)，如(ru)(ru)果沒(mei)(mei)有合理(li)的(de)均衡措(cuo)施，必然存(cun)在(zai)著一批(pi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)沒(mei)(mei)有達到(dao)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流作(zuo)(zuo)為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)：接近滿充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)恒定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流則逐漸減小(xiao)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減小(xiao)到(dao)設(she)定閾(yu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)結束。

??5 車載充電機工(gong)作(zuo)原理

??控(kong)制單(dan)元，采樣(yang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，經過(guo)處理后(hou)將(jiang)實(shi)時值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)遞給PID(一(yi)種(zhong)閉(bi)環自動控(kong)制技術，是比例、積分、微分控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)簡稱)控(kong)制回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，由控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)比較測量(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與期望值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)差距，再將(jiang)調(diao)節要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)傳(chuan)遞給PWM回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(PWM脈沖(chong)寬(kuan)度(du)調(diao)制技術)，用(yong)脈沖(chong)寬(kuan)度(du)變化去控(kong)制高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)功(gong)率器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件的(de)(de)開閉(bi)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)長短，最終實(shi)現輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)盡量(liang)接(jie)近于主控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)數值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輔助單(dan)元，是一(yi)個(ge)標準低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)12V或者24V，用(yong)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)期間(jian)(jian)(jian)，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)上的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，比如電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理系統(tong)(tong)、熱(re)管(guan)理系統(tong)(tong)、汽(qi)車(che)儀表等(deng)。功(gong)率單(dan)元，一(yi)般包括輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)，逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)3個(ge)部(bu)分，將(jiang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)工頻交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化成(cheng)適合動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)系統(tong)(tong)能(neng)夠接(jie)受的(de)(de)適當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)端口(kou)(kou)，包括低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輔助電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正負(fu)極(ji)兩(liang)個(ge)pin口(kou)(kou)，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)正負(fu)極(ji)兩(liang)個(ge)pin口(kou)(kou)，底盤地，通訊線CANH和CANL(還(huan)可以有CAN屏(ping)蔽)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)線。其中(zhong)，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)個(ge)pin口(kou)(kou)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)包相連(lian);充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)線用(yong)于，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)端口(kou)(kou)與外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)完(wan)成(cheng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)連(lian)接(jie)確認以后(hou)，通過(guo)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)”線向(xiang)車(che)輛控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發送(song)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)請求(qiu)(qiu)信號(hao)(hao)，同時或延時一(yi)小段(duan)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)后(hou)，用(yong)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輔助電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)給整(zheng)車(che)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。